Cardiac myxomas (CM) are the most common type of primary cardiac tumours in adults, which have an approximate incidence of up to 0.2% in some autopsy series. The purpose of this review is to summarise the literature on CM, including clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, work-up including imaging modalities and histopathology, management, and prognosis. CM are benign neoplasms developed from multipotent mesenchyme and usually present as an undifferentiated atrial mass. They are typically pedunculated and attached at the fossa ovalis, on the left side of the atrial septum. Potentially life-threatening, the presence of CM calls for prompt diagnosis and surgical resection. Infrequently asymptomatic, patients with CM exhibit various manifestations, ranging from influenza-like symptoms, heart failure and stroke, to sudden death. Although non-specific, a classic triad for CM involves constitutional, embolic, and obstructive or cardiac symptoms. CM may be purposefully characterised or incidentally diagnosed on an echocardiogram, CT scan or cardiac MRI, all of which can help to differentiate CM from other differentials. Echocardiogram is the first-line imaging technique; however, it is fallible, potentially resulting in uncommonly situated CM being overlooked. The diagnosis of CM can often be established based on clinical, imaging and histopathology features. Definitive diagnosis requires macroscopic and histopathological assessment, including positivity for endothelial cell markers such as CD31 and CD34. Their prognosis is excellent when treated with prompt surgical resection, with postsurgical survival rates analogous to overall survival in the age-matched general population.

中文翻译：

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心脏粘液瘤：临床表现、诊断和治疗

心脏粘液瘤 (CM) 是成人最常见的原发性心脏肿瘤类型，在一些尸检系列中其发病率约为 0.2%。本综述的目的是总结有关 CM 的文献，包括临床表现、鉴别诊断、包括影像学和组织病理学在内的检查、管理和预后。CM 是由多能间充质发展而来的良性肿瘤，通常表现为未分化的心房肿块。它们通常有蒂并附着在心房间隔左侧的卵圆窝处。CM 的存在可能危及生命，需要及时诊断和手术切除。CM 患者很少出现无症状，表现出各种表现，从流感样症状、心力衰竭和中风到猝死。虽然非特异性，但 CM 的经典三联征涉及全身性、栓塞性和阻塞性或心脏症状。CM 可能在超声心动图、CT 扫描或心脏 MRI 上被有目的地表征或偶然诊断，所有这些都有助于将 CM 与其他差异区分开来。超声心动图是一线成像技术；但是，它是容易出错的，可能会导致不常见的 CM 被忽视。CM 的诊断通常可以根据临床、影像学和组织病理学特征确定。明确诊断需要宏观和组织病理学评估，包括内皮细胞标志物如 CD31 和 CD34 的阳性。当及时手术切除时，他们的预后非常好，