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Rethinking Nudge: An Information-Costs Theory of Default Rules
The University of Chicago Law Review ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-01
Oren Bar-Gill

Policy makers and scholars—both lawyers and economists—have long pondered the optimal design of default rules. From the classic works on “mimicking” defaults for contracts and corporations to the modern rush to set “sticky” default rules to promote policies as diverse as organ donation, retirement savings, consumer protection, and data privacy, the optimal design of default rules has featured as a central regulatory challenge. The key element driving the design is opt-out costs—how to minimize them, or, alternatively, how to raise them to make the default sticky. Much of the literature has focused on “mechanical” opt-out costs—the effort people incur to select a nondefault alternative. This focus is too narrow. A more important factor affecting opt-out is information—the knowledge people must acquire to make informed opt-out decisions. But, unlike high mechanical costs, high information costs need not make defaults stickier; they may instead make the defaults “slippery.” This counterintuitive claim is due to the phenomenon of uninformed opt-out, which we identify and characterize. Indeed, the importance of uninformed opt-out requires a reassessment of the conventional wisdom about Nudge and asymmetric or libertarian paternalism. We also show that different defaults provide different incentives to acquire the information necessary for informed opt-out. With the ballooning use of default rules as a policy tool, our information-costs theory provides valuable guidance to policy makers.



中文翻译:

重新思考轻推:默认规则的信息成本理论

政策制定者和学者——包括律师和经济学家——长期以来一直在思考默认规则的最佳设计。从“模仿”合同和公司的默认设置的经典作品到现代急于设置“粘性”默认规则以促进器官捐赠、退休储蓄、消费者保护和数据隐私等各种政策,默认规则的优化设计已经被列为核心监管挑战。推动设计的关键因素是选择退出成本——如何最大限度地减少成本,或者,如何提高成本以使默认设置具有粘性。许多文献都集中在“机械”选择退出成本上——人们为选择非默认替代方案而付出的努力。这个关注点太窄了。影响选择退出的一个更重要的因素是信息——人们必须获得的知识才能做出明智的选择退出决定。但,与高机械成本不同,高信息成本并不会使违约变得更加棘手;相反,他们可能会将默认设置设为“slippery”。这种违反直觉的主张是由于我们识别和表征的不知情选择退出现象。事实上,不知情选择退出的重要性需要重新评估关于轻推和不对称或自由主义家长式的传统智慧。我们还表明,不同的违约提供了不同的激励措施来获取知情选择退出所需的信息。随着默认规则作为政策工具的大量使用,我们的信息成本理论为政策制定者提供了宝贵的指导。我们识别和表征。事实上,不知情选择退出的重要性需要重新评估关于轻推和不对称或自由主义家长式的传统智慧。我们还表明,不同的违约提供了不同的激励措施来获取知情选择退出所需的信息。随着默认规则作为政策工具的大量使用,我们的信息成本理论为政策制定者提供了宝贵的指导。我们识别和表征。事实上,不知情选择退出的重要性需要重新评估关于轻推和不对称或自由主义家长式的传统智慧。我们还表明,不同的违约提供了不同的激励措施来获取知情选择退出所需的信息。随着默认规则作为政策工具的大量使用,我们的信息成本理论为政策制定者提供了宝贵的指导。

更新日期:2021-06-01
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