Agroforestry landscapes provide multiple benefits, including the capacity for storing carbon, thus contributing to climate change mitigation. In Portugal, the agroforestry system known as ( in Spain) is heavily dependent on national and European financial incentives. Lack thereof, or insufficient level, often results in abandonment or intensification (increasing grazing pressure) of management practices. Carbon storage is a stock externality of agroforestry systems currently not targeted by CAP agri-environmental mechanisms. Hence, our work is aimed at assessing and valuing net carbon flow in agroforestry systems to guide a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) scheme targeting landscapes in Portugal. We have assessed and valued net carbon flow for different land-use change scenarios (abandonment, maintenance, or grazing intensification), focusing on cork and holm oak-dominated and using biomass equations. We applied different explicit carbon pricing mechanisms (market value, social cost, and shadow price) to determine a range of values suitable as financial rewards in the proposed PES scheme. For cork-oak , our results suggest both abandonment and grazing intensification are linked to carbon emissions (−1.5 and −1.6tCOeq.ha.year, respectively), whereas maintaining results in carbon sequestration (+0.9tCOeq.ha.year). Similar results were found for holm oak. Based on this biophysical assessment, we estimate that farmers willing to maintain systems are eligible to be rewarded between 106 and 149€.ha.year through a PES scheme for the increase in carbon storage they are providing. Incorporating the value of ecosystem services into direct financial rewards could ensure agroforestry systems are kept under sustainable management and continue to supply multiple benefits to society.

中文翻译：

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它是一个守护者：在 CAP 生态计划背景下评估农林业生态系统的碳储存服务


农林业景观提供多种效益，包括储存碳的能力，从而有助于减缓气候变化。在葡萄牙，被称为（西班牙）的农林业系统严重依赖于国家和欧洲的财政激励措施。缺乏或水平不足，通常会​​导致管理实践的放弃或强化（增加放牧压力）。碳储存是农林业系统的存量外部性，目前不属于 CAP 农业环境机制的目标。因此，我们的工作旨在评估和评估农林业系统中的净碳流量，以指导针对葡萄牙景观的生态系统服务付费（PES）计划。我们评估和评估了不同土地利用变化情景（废弃、维护或放牧集约化）的净碳流量，重点关注以软木和圣栎为主的植物，并使用生物量方程。我们应用不同的显性碳定价机制（市场价值、社会成本和影子价格）来确定一系列适合作为拟议 PES 计划中经济奖励的价值。对于软木橡树，我们的结果表明废弃和放牧集约化都与碳排放有关（分别为-1.5和-1.6tCOeq.ha.year），同时保持碳封存结果（+0.9tCOeq.ha.year）。圣栎也有类似的结果。根据这项生物物理评估，我们估计愿意维护系统的农民有资格通过 PES 计划获得 106 至 149 欧元公顷年的奖励，以增加他们提供的碳储存量。 将生态系统服务的价值纳入直接的经济奖励可以确保农林业系统得到可持续管理，并继续为社会提供多重效益。