Understanding the growth mechanism of TiO₂ nanorods (TNRs) is critical for producing high-performance materials with morphology and structure control. TNRs on FTO glass were prepared by hydrothermal method in acidic solution. The structural and morphological characteristics of thin films were investigated for different temperatures and reaction times. By the hydrolysis and protonation, monomers Ti(OH)_n(OH₂)_6-n]^(4-n)+ can be formed at ambient conditions. TNRs were formed through the bonding between these monomers by olation and oxolation reactions during hydrothermal process. During the hydrothermal growth of TNRs on FTO glass, precursors of TNRs and nanoflowers were observed in the reactive solution and on top of TNR thin films. The preferential deposition of precursors and TiO₂ nanostructures on top of primary TNRs from solution resulted in significant changes in their morphology, structure, and growth orientation. A new possible growth mechanism of TNRs is proposed based on these experimental observations. Our preliminary results show positive signs to apply the prepared TNRs as electron transfer layer of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This study will become the basis for our further researches to apply the prepared TNR thin films with the most suitable structural and morphological properties to high-performance PSCs as well as other photovoltaic devices.

了解 TiO ₂纳米棒 (TNR)的生长机制对于生产具有形态和结构控制的高性能材料至关重要。在酸性溶液中通过水热法制备 FTO 玻璃上的 TNR。研究了不同温度和反应时间下薄膜的结构和形态特征。通过水解和质子化，单体Ti(OH) _n (OH ₂ ) _6-n ] ^(4-n)+可以在环境条件下形成。TNRs 是通过这些单体在水热过程中通过 olation 和 oxolation 反应形成的。在 FTO 玻璃上 TNR 的水热生长过程中，在反应溶液中和 TNR 薄膜顶部观察到 TNR 和纳米花的前体。前驱体和TiO ₂的优先沉积溶液中主要 TNR 顶部的纳米结构导致其形态、结构和生长方向发生显着变化。基于这些实验观察，提出了一种新的 TNR 可能的生长机制。我们的初步结果显示出将制备的 TNR 用作钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC) 的电子传输层的积极迹象。该研究将成为我们进一步研究的基础，将制备的具有最合适结构和形态特性的 TNR 薄膜应用于高性能 PSC 以及其他光伏器件。