Cranial muscles have been the focus of many studies over the years because of their unique developmental programs and relative resistance to illnesses. In addition, head muscles possess clonal relationships with heart muscles and have been highly remodeled during vertebrate evolution. Here, we provide an overview of recent findings that have helped to redefine the boundaries and lineages of cranial mesoderm. These studies have important implications regarding the emergence of muscle connective tissues, which can share a common origin with skeletal muscle. We also highlight new regulatory networks of various muscle subgroups, particularly those derived from the most caudal arches, which remain poorly defined. Finally, we suggest future research avenues to characterize the nature of their intrinsic specificities and their emergence during evolution.

多年来，颅肌因其独特的发育计划和对疾病的相对抵抗力而成为许多研究的焦点。此外，头部肌肉与心肌具有克隆关系，并且在脊椎动物进化过程中被高度改造。在这里，我们概述了有助于重新定义颅中胚层边界和谱系的最新发现。这些研究对肌肉结缔组织的出现具有重要意义，肌肉结缔组织与骨骼肌有共同的起源。我们还强调了各种肌肉亚群的新监管网络，特别是那些来自最尾弓的那些，但仍然不明确。最后，我们建议未来的研究途径来描述其内在特异性的性质以及它们在进化过程中的出现。