Herein, Gd-doped BaTiO₃ (Gd:BTO) solid-solution powders were prepared by microwave-assisted heat treatment (MWH). The structural and chemical characteristics of the powders were analysed by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The defect formation reactions relevant to Gd doping are discussed based on the change in the electron energy structure as well as the density functional theory calculations. Ba(OH)₂·H₂O, TiO₂·4H₂O and Gd(NO₃)₃·6H₂O were used as Ba, Ti and Gd precursors, respectively. A Ba/Ti mole ratio of 1.2 in the precursor at a reaction temperature of 300°C was determined to be the optimal synthetic conditions for preparing the Gd:BTO solid solution. Gd evidently occupied the Ti sites (denoted as Gd_Ti) of BaTiO₃ structure, and the substitution of Ti with Gd was accompanied by a change in the oxidation state of the Ti ions and the generation of oxygen vacancies. The magnetic susceptibility of the Gd:BTO powders increased with increase in concentration of Gd_Ti with unidirectional electron spins. In contrast, the relative dielectric constant varied inversely with the Gd concentration owing to the evolution of oxygen vacancies and lattice distortion of the Gd:BTO powders with the increase in the Gd concentration.

在此，Gd 掺杂的 BaTiO ₃ (Gd:BTO) 固溶体粉末通过微波辅助热处理 (MWH) 制备。通过扫描透射电子显微镜和电子能量损失谱分析了粉末的结构和化学特性。基于电子能量结构的变化以及密度泛函理论计算讨论了与 Gd 掺杂相关的缺陷形成反应。Ba(OH) ₂ ·H ₂ O、TiO ₂ ·4H ₂ O 和 Gd(NO ₃ ) ₃ ·6H ₂O分别用作Ba、Ti和Gd前体。在 300°C 的反应温度下，前体中 Ba/Ti 摩尔比为 1.2 被确定为制备 Gd:BTO 固溶体的最佳合成条件。Gd明显占据了BaTiO ₃结构的Ti位点（记为Gd _Ti），并且Gd取代Ti伴随着Ti离子氧化态的变化和氧空位的产生。Gd:BTO粉末的磁化率随着Gd _Ti浓度的增加而增加具有单向电子自旋。相比之下，由于氧空位的演变和 Gd:BTO 粉末随着 Gd 浓度增加的晶格畸变，相对介电常数与 Gd 浓度成反比。