Introduction

Recruiting racial/ethnic minorities in smoking cessation trials is a priority. This study described lessons learned from recruiting a diverse sample of African American, White, and Hispanic/Latinx smokers in a smoking cessation trial.

Methods

We implemented a 42-month recruitment campaign utilizing reactive (e.g., word-of-mouth, newspaper, radio, online ads, flyers, community partnerships) and proactive (e.g., direct invitations) strategies. We included 821 participants in the analysis. We described our recruitment strategies’ implementation, their enrollment yield and rate (number enrolled/number screened) by race/ethnicity, and direct cost-per-participant (CPP: total cost/number of enrolled) for paid strategies.

Results

Enrollment yields were higher using reactive strategies than proactive strategies (94.3% vs. 5.7%). The top source of enrollment was word-of-mouth among African Americans (36%) and Whites (44%), and flyers among Hispanics/Latinxs (34%). Proactive recruitment, word-of-mouth, and flyers were more successful among African Americans than other groups. Newspaper and online ads were more successful among Hispanics/Latinxs than other groups (P < .05). Word-of-mouth was cost-free and yielded 23.1% of enrollment. The most economic method among paid strategies was flyer distribution (CPP = $47.6; yield 17.5%), followed by newspaper ($194.7; 23.7%) and online advertisements ($264.6; 24.0%). Radio and television ads were the most expensive and produced the least participant yield ($4,755.6; 0.8%).

Conclusion

Recruiting racially/ethnically diverse samples into smoking cessation clinical trials requires implementing multiple strategies and adjusting these strategies based on their enrollment yield and cost. Word-of-mouth, flyers, and newspaper and online ads were more successful among racial/ethnic minorities. Flyers and newspaper ads were the most economic methods for recruitment.

中文翻译：

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招募寻求治疗的不同种族和民族的吸烟者：戒烟随机临床试验的经验教训

 介绍

在戒烟试验中招募少数种族/族裔是一个优先事项。这项研究描述了在戒烟试验中招募非裔美国人、白人和西班牙裔/拉丁裔吸烟者的不同样本所获得的经验教训。

 方法

我们利用被动（例如，口碑、报纸、广播、在线广告、传单、社区合作伙伴关系）和主动（例如，直接邀请）策略实施了为期 42 个月的招聘活动。我们在分析中纳入了 821 名参与者。我们描述了我们的招聘策略的实施情况、按种族/族裔划分的注册率和比率（注册人数/筛选人数），以及付费策略的每位参与者的直接成本（CPP：总成本/注册人数）。

 结果

使用被动策略的入学率高于主动策略（94.3% vs. 5.7%）。入学的首要来源是非裔美国人 (36%) 和白人 (44%) 的口碑传播，以及西班牙裔/拉丁裔 (34%) 的传单。主动招募、口碑传播和传单在非裔美国人中比其他群体更成功。报纸和在线广告在西班牙裔/拉丁裔中比其他群体更成功 ( P < .05)。口碑传播是免费的，注册率达到 23.1%。付费策略中最经济的方法是分发传单（CPP = 47.6 美元；收益率 17.5%），其次是报纸（194.7 美元；23.7%）和在线广告（264.6 美元；24.0%）。广播和电视广告的成本最高，参与者收益也最低（4,755.6 美元；0.8%）。

 结论

招募不同种族/民族的样本参与戒烟临床试验需要实施多种策略，并根据入组率和成本调整这些策略。口碑、传单、报纸和在线广告在少数种族/族裔中更为成功。传单和报纸广告是最经济的招聘方式。