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Geological framework for assessing variability in subsurface piping parameters underneath dikes in the Rhine-Meuse delta, the Netherlands
Engineering Geology ( IF 6.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-04 , DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106362
T.G. Winkels , K.M. Cohen , S.M. Knaake , H. Middelkoop , E. Stouthamer

Dike failure due to piping – concentrated flow of seepage water underneath the dike during periods of high flood water levels – has been recognized as a major component of flood risk. Simulation models to predict piping in risk assessments require detailed information on subsurface characteristics such as sediment grain size and thickness of overburden layers. Quantitative local determination of these characteristics poses a major challenge in natural environments with a heterogeneous substrate. Geological knowledge on the natural genesis and resulting structure of the subsurface may provide useful information on the spatial variability of substrate characteristics. When correctly implemented, available subsurface geological information can provide for a-priori identification of dike sections of which the subsurface is susceptible to piping (strategic to new data collection), and a-posteriori screening of new collected field data (identifying unexpected values). In these two ways it has potential to reduce the uncertainty in parameter estimates for calculations that determine the potential occurrence of piping at a specific site. Here we describe a framework for using geological subsurface information for these assessments. Based on existing digital geological mapping products and knowledge of the geological development of the Rhine-Meuse delta, we first compiled a map that distinguishes primary hydrologically relevant units: upper main aquifer sands (pre-deltaic subunits), topped by the deltaic wedge aquitard that is dissected by channel belt sand bodies (deltaic subunits). We then used these spatial divisions in an analysis of digital borehole data (>130.000 locations, UU-LLG dataset), to provide quantitative information on grain sizes of the very top of sand bodies and non-sand overburden thicknesses, split per subunit and summarized for sub regions (lower delta, central delta, upper delta, delta rim sectors). This framework enables us to demonstrate to what extent the median grain size of the top of sand deposits varies within the delta. We quantitatively determined (1) a delta-scale longitudinal downstream fining trend due to drops in specific stream power through changes in gradient and substrate erodibility, (2) pulsed variations associated with local uptake and reworking of pre-deltaic sediments within channel belts. Although tailored for the Rhine-Meuse delta, utilizing geological knowledge as a substantiation for grouping of subsurface data underneath local dike sections can be transposed for such applications in delta regions elsewhere. This regionalization of the delta plain can greatly help streamline data acquisition, anticipating growing availability of medium to high density subsurface datasets in increasingly urbanized deltas with managed rivers around the world.



中文翻译:

评估荷兰莱茵-默兹三角洲堤防下地下管道参数变化的地质框架

管道导致的堤防故障——在高洪水位期间堤防下方的渗水集中流动——已被认为是洪水风险的主要组成部分。在风险评估中预测管道的模拟模型需要有关地下特征的详细信息,例如沉积物粒度和覆盖层厚度。在具有异质底物的自然环境中,对这些特征进行定量局部测定是一项重大挑战。关于地下自然成因和由此产生的结构的地质知识可以提供关于基底特征空间变异性的有用信息。正确实施后,可用的地下地质信息可以提供地下易受管道影响的堤防部分的先验识别(新数据收集的战略),以及新收集的现场数据的后验筛选(识别意外值)。在这两种方式中,它有可能减少用于确定特定地点管道潜在发生的计算的参数估计的不确定性。在这里,我们描述了使用地质地下信息进行这些评估的框架。基于现有的数字地质测绘产品和莱茵-默兹三角洲地质发育知识,我们首先编制了一张区分主要水文相关单元的地图:上部主要含水层砂岩(和新收集的现场数据的事后筛选(识别意外值)。在这两种方式中,它有可能减少用于确定特定地点管道潜在发生的计算的参数估计的不确定性。在这里,我们描述了使用地质地下信息进行这些评估的框架。基于现有的数字地质测绘产品和莱茵-默兹三角洲地质发育知识,我们首先编制了一张区分主要水文相关单元的地图:上部主要含水层砂岩(和新收集的现场数据的事后筛选(识别意外值)。在这两种方式中,它有可能减少用于确定特定地点管道潜在发生的计算的参数估计的不确定性。在这里,我们描述了使用地质地下信息进行这些评估的框架。基于现有的数字地质测绘产品和莱茵-默兹三角洲地质发育知识,我们首先编制了一张区分主要水文相关单元的地图:上部主要含水层砂岩(在这里,我们描述了使用地质地下信息进行这些评估的框架。基于现有的数字地质测绘产品和莱茵-默兹三角洲地质发育知识,我们首先编制了一张区分主要水文相关单元的地图:上部主要含水层砂岩(在这里,我们描述了使用地质地下信息进行这些评估的框架。基于现有的数字地质测绘产品和对莱茵-默兹三角洲地质发展的了解,我们首先编制了一张区分主要水文相关单元的地图:上部主要含水层砂岩(前三角洲亚基),顶部是被河道带砂体(三角洲亚基)解剖的三角洲楔形透水层)。然后,我们将这些空间划分用于分析数字钻孔数据(> 130.000 个位置,UU-LLG 数据集),以提供有关砂体顶部粒度和非砂覆盖层厚度的定量信息,每个亚单元的分裂和总结对于子区域(下三角洲、中三角洲、上三角洲、三角洲边缘部门)。该框架使我们能够展示三角洲内砂层顶部的中值粒度变化的程度。我们定量地确定了 (1) 由于梯度和底物可蚀性的变化导致比流功率下降导致的三角洲尺度纵向下游细化趋势,(2) 与河道带内前三角洲沉积物的局部吸收和再加工相关的脉冲变化。虽然是为莱茵-默兹河三角洲量身定做的,利用地质知识作为对当地堤防部分下的地下数据进行分组的证据,可以转用于其他三角洲地区的此类应用。三角洲平原的这种区域化可以极大地帮助简化数据采集,预计在世界各地拥有管理河流的日益城市化的三角洲中,中到高密度地下数据集的可用性会不断增加。

更新日期:2021-10-02
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