Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmunity-related chronic demyelination disease of the central nervous system (CNS), causing young disability. Currently, highly specific immunotherapies for MS are still lacking. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an immunosuppressive co-stimulatory molecule, which is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and other immune cells. PD-L1, the ligand of PD-1, is expressed on T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. PD-1/PD-L1 delivers negative regulatory signals to immune cells, maintaining immune tolerance and inhibiting autoimmunity. This review comprehensively summarizes current insights into the role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The potentiality of PD-1/PD-L1 as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for MS will also be discussed.

多发性硬化症 (MS) 是一种自身免疫相关的中枢神经系统 (CNS) 慢性脱髓鞘疾病，可导致年轻残疾。目前，仍然缺乏针对 MS 的高度特异性免疫疗法。程序性细胞死亡 1 (PD-1) 是一种免疫抑制性共刺激分子，在活化的 T 淋巴细胞、B 淋巴细胞、自然杀伤细胞和其他免疫细胞上表达。PD-1 的配体 PD-L1 在 T 淋巴细胞、B 淋巴细胞、树突细胞和巨噬细胞上表达。PD-1/PD-L1向免疫细胞传递负调控信号，维持免疫耐受，抑制自身免疫。本综述全面总结了目前对 PD-1/PD-L1 信号在 MS 及其动物模型实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎 (EAE) 中的作用的见解。