Potentially toxic elements (PTEs), such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cr, and Co, can accumulate in vineyard soils due to repeated uses of inorganic pesticides and chemical or organic fertilizers. In sloping vineyards, PTEs can also be moved by soil erosion resulting in their accumulation in low-energy zones within the landscape, adversely affecting the soil environment. Our study evaluated the ecological risk related to the pseudo-total and bioavailable PTE contents (Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, and Cu) in the soil and eroded sediment samples from an organic vineyard in Tokaj (NE Hungary). The contamination status and the ecological risk of target PTEs were assessed by calculating the contamination factor, the pollution load index, the ecological risk factor, and the ecological risk index. The median pollution load indices of 1.15, 1.81, and 1.10 for the topsoil, the sediments, and the subsoil, respectively, demonstrate a moderate multi-element contamination case in the organic vineyard. Target PTEs tented to show increased concentrations in eroded sediments with the highest enrichment ratio (3.36) observed for Cu (Cu in the sediment/Cu in the topsoil), revealing a preferential movement of Cu-rich soil particles by overland flow. Moreover, PTEs were present in the sediments in more bioavailable forms (except Ni, Cr), assessed by an extraction procedure with EDTA. The ecological risk index (< 90) based on the studied PTEs showed an overall low ecological risk in the vineyard. Copper was the predominant factor of the ecological risk. Moreover, the highest ecological risk factor (24.6) observed for the bioavailable Cu content in an eroded sediment sample (representing 82% of the total ecological risk) shows that Cu accumulation in sloping vineyards is an ecological risk, particularly in the sedimentation zones. The high proportions of bioavailable Cu in the vineyard’s soil represent an increasing ecological risk over time, related to repeated treatments of vine plants with Cu-based pesticides.

由于无机农药和化学或有机肥料的重复使用，潜在有毒元素 (PTE)，如 Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr 和 Co，会在葡萄园土壤中积累。在倾斜的葡萄园中，PTEs 也可能因土壤侵蚀而移动，导致它们在景观内的低能量区域积累，对土壤环境产生不利影响。我们的研究评估了与托卡伊（匈牙利东北部）有机葡萄园土壤和侵蚀沉积物样品中的假总和生物可利用 PTE 含量（锌、铅、钴、镍、铬和铜）相关的生态风险。通过计算污染因子、污染负荷指数、生态风险因子和生态风险指数，评价目标PTEs的污染状况和生态风险。表土的中位污染负荷指数分别为 1.15、1.81 和 1.10，沉积物和底土分别表明有机葡萄园中存在中度的多元素污染情况。目标 PTE 倾向于显示侵蚀沉积物中的浓度增加，其中观察到的铜富集率最高 (3.36)（沉积物中的铜/表土中的铜），揭示了地表流对富铜土壤颗粒的优先移动。此外，通过使用 EDTA 的提取程序评估，PTE 以更具生物可利用性的形式存在于沉积物中（Ni、Cr 除外）。基于所研究 PTE 的生态风险指数（< 90）显示葡萄园的整体生态风险较低。铜是生态风险的主要因素。此外，最高的生态风险因子（24. 6）在侵蚀沉积物样品中观察到的生物有效铜含量（占总生态风险的 82%）表明，倾斜葡萄园中的铜积累是一种生态风险，尤其是在沉积区。葡萄园土壤中高比例的生物可利用铜代表了随着时间的推移而增加的生态风险，这与使用铜基杀虫剂反复处理藤本植物有关。