Experimental and clinical studies suggest that prenatal experiences may influence health trajectories up to adulthood and high age. According to the hypothesis of developmental origins of health and disease exposure of pregnant women to stress, nutritional challenges, infection, violence, or war may “program” risks for diseases in later life. Stress and anxieties can exist or be provoked in parents after fertility treatment, after information or diagnosis of fetal abnormalities and demand simultaneous caring concepts to support the parents. In vulnerable groups, it is therefore important to increase the stress resilience to avoid harmful consequences for the growing child. “Enriched environment” defines a key paradigm to decipher how interactions between genes and environment change the structure and function of the brain. The regulation of the fetal hippocampal neurogenesis and morphology during pregnancy is one example of this complex interaction. Animal experiments have demonstrated that an enriched environment can revert consequences of stress in the offspring during critical periods of brain plasticity. Epigenetic markers of stress or wellbeing during pregnancy might even be diagnosed by fragments of placental DNA in the maternal circulation that show characteristic methylation patterns. The development of fetal senses further illustrates how external stimulation may impact individual preferences. Here, we therefore not only discuss how maternal stress influences cognitive development and resilience, but also design possibilities of non-invasive interventions for both mothers and children summarized and evaluated in the light of their potential to improve the health of future generations.

中文翻译：

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意识到母亲的压力、对后代的影响以及早期干预以提高压力复原力的必要性

实验和临床研究表明，产前经历可能会影响到成年和高龄的健康轨迹。根据健康和疾病的发育起源假设，孕妇承受压力、营养挑战、感染、暴力或战争可能会“规划”晚年疾病的风险。在生育治疗后，在获得胎儿异常的信息或诊断后，父母可能会存在或引发压力和焦虑，并需要同时提供关怀概念来支持父母。因此，在弱势群体中，重要的是要提高抗压能力，以避免对成长中的孩子造成有害后果。“丰富的环境”定义了一个关键范式，用于破译基因与环境之间的相互作用如何改变大脑的结构和功能。怀孕期间胎儿海马神经发生和形态的调节是这种复杂相互作用的一个例子。动物实验表明，在大脑可塑性的关键时期，丰富的环境可以恢复后代压力的后果。怀孕期间压力或幸福感的表观遗传标记甚至可以通过母体循环中显示特征甲基化模式的胎盘 DNA 片段来诊断。胎儿感官的发展进一步说明了外部刺激如何影响个人偏好。因此，我们在这里不仅讨论母体压力如何影响认知发展和复原力，