Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of major morbidity and CVD- and all-cause mortality in most of the world. It is now clear that regular physical activity (PA) and exercise training (ET) induces a wide range of direct and indirect physiologic adaptations and pleiotropic benefits for human general and CV health. Generally, higher levels of PA, ET, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are correlated with reduced risk of CVD, including myocardial infarction, CVD-related death, and all-cause mortality. Although exact details regarding the ideal doses of ET, including resistance and, especially, aerobic ET, as well as the potential adverse effects of extreme levels of ET, continue to be investigated, there is no question that most of the world’s population have insufficient levels of PA/ET, and many also have lower than ideal levels of CRF. Therefore, assessment and promotion of PA, ET, and efforts to improve levels of CRF should be integrated into all health professionals’ practices worldwide. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss the exercise effects on many areas related to CVD, from basic aspects to clinical practice.

中文翻译：

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运动对心血管疾病的影响：从基础到临床证据

在世界大部分地区，心血管 (CV) 疾病 (CVD) 仍然是主要发病率以及 CVD 和全因死亡率的主要原因。现在很清楚，有规律的体育活动 (PA) 和运动训练 (ET) 对人类的全身健康和心血管健康具有广泛的直接和间接生理适应和多效性益处。一般来说，较高水平的 PA、ET 和心肺健康 (CRF) 与 CVD 风险降低相关，包括心肌梗塞、CVD 相关死亡和全因死亡率。尽管关于 ET 理想剂量的确切细节，包括耐药性，尤其是需氧 ET，以及极端水平 ET 的潜在不利影响，仍在继续调查中，但毫无疑问，世界上大多数人口的水平不足PA/ET 的，许多人的 CRF 水平也低于理想水平。因此，应将 PA、ET 的评估和推广以及提高 CRF 水平的努力纳入全球所有卫生专业人员的实践中。在这篇最先进的综述中，我们讨论了运动对与 CVD 相关的许多领域的影响，从基本方面到临床实践。