Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium capable of colonizing mucous membranes, causing serious infections. Widespread antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae—either through intrinsic mechanisms or via acquisition from different species, especially in hospital environments—limits the therapeutic options against this pathogen, further aggravating the disease burden. To date, there are no vaccines available against K. pneumoniae infection. Although formulations based on capsular polysaccharides have been proposed, the high variability in capsular serotypes limits vaccine coverage. Recombinant vaccines based on surface exposed bacterial antigens are a promising alternative owing to their conservation among different serotypes and accessibility to the immune system. Many vaccine candidates have been proposed, some of which have reached clinical trials. The present review summarizes the current status of K. pneumoniae vaccine development. Different strategies including whole cell vaccines, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), ribosome, polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and protein-based formulations are discussed. The contribution of antibody and cell-mediated responses is also presented. In summary, K. pneumoniae vaccines are feasible and a promising strategy to prevent infections and to reduce the antimicrobial resistance burden worldwide.

肺炎克雷伯菌是一种能够在粘膜上定植的细菌，会引起严重的感染。肺炎克雷伯菌广泛的抗生素耐药性——通过内在机制或通过从不同物种获得，尤其是在医院环境中——限制了针对这种病原体的治疗选择，进一步加重了疾病负担。迄今为止，还没有针对肺炎克雷伯菌的疫苗感染。尽管已经提出了基于荚膜多糖的制剂，但荚膜血清型的高度可变性限制了疫苗的覆盖率。基于表面暴露的细菌抗原的重组疫苗是一种很有前景的替代方案，因为它们在不同血清型之间具有保守性，并且可以进入免疫系统。已经提出了许多候选疫苗，其中一些已经进入临床试验。本综述总结了肺炎克雷伯菌疫苗开发的现状。讨论了不同的策略，包括全细胞疫苗、外膜囊泡 (OMV)、核糖体、多糖、脂多糖 (LPS) 和基于蛋白质的制剂。还介绍了抗体和细胞介导的反应的贡献。总之，肺炎克雷伯菌 疫苗是可行的，也是预防感染和减少全球抗微生物药物耐药性负担的有希望的战略。