Extracellular acidosis is associated with various immunopathological states. The microenvironment of numerous solid tumours and inflammatory responses during acute or chronic infection are all related to a pH range of 5.5‑7.0. The relationship between inflammation and immune escape, cancer metabolism, and immunologic suppression drives researchers to focus on the effects of low pH on diverse components of disease immune monitoring. The potential effect of low extracellular pH on the immune function reveals the importance of pH in inflammatory and immunoreactive processes. In this review, the mechanism of how pH receptors, including monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger 1, carbonic anhydrases (CAs), vacuolar‑ATPase, and proton‑sensing G‑protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), modulate the immune system in disease, especially in cancer, were studied. Their role in immunocyte growth and signal transduction as part of the immune response, as well as cytokine production, have been documented in great detail. Currently, immunotherapy strategies have positive therapeutic effects for patients. However, the acidic microenvironment may block the effect of immunotherapy through compensatory feedback mechanisms, leading to drug resistance. Therefore, we highlight promising therapeutic developments regarding pH manipulation and provide a framework for future research.

中文翻译：

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揭示 pH 受体和免疫细胞之间的相互作用：潜在的药物靶点（综述）。

细胞外酸中毒与各种免疫病理状态有关。许多实体瘤的微环境和急性或慢性感染期间的炎症反应都与 5.5-7.0 的 pH 范围有关。炎症与免疫逃逸、癌症代谢和免疫抑制之间的关系促使研究人员关注低 pH 值对疾病免疫监测的不同组成部分的影响。低细胞外 pH 值对免疫功能的潜在影响揭示了 pH 值在炎症和免疫反应过程中的重要性。在这篇综述中，pH 受体，包括单羧酸转运蛋白 (MCTs)、Na ⁺ /H ⁺研究人员研究了交换剂 1、碳酸酐酶 (CA)、液泡 ATP 酶和质子感应 G 蛋白偶联受体 (GPCR) 调节疾病的免疫系统，尤其是癌症。它们在免疫细胞生长和信号转导中的作用作为免疫反应的一部分，以及细胞因子的产生，已被详细记录。目前，免疫治疗策略对患者具有积极的治疗效果。然而，酸性微环境可能通过代偿性反馈机制阻断免疫治疗的效果，导致耐药性。因此，我们强调了有关 pH 控制的有希望的治疗进展，并为未来的研究提供了一个框架。