Purpose

Outsourcing remanufacturing is a major form of remanufacturing, and emission reduction is an important part of a manufacturer's production. This paper aims to investigate carbon emission reduction strategies in a closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with outsourcing remanufacturing and design a contract to coordinate the CLSC.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors establish two-period game models between an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and third-party remanufacturer (TPR) in different scenarios, including decentralized decision, centralized decision and coordinated decision. Furthermore, the authors study the optimal decisions by maximizing the profit model. The authors also investigate the impact of a carbon tax and emission reduction on the optimal decisions through comparative analysis.

Findings

Emission reduction increases the quantity of new products and the OEM's profit. However, emission reduction decreases the outsourcing fee, which is not conducive to remanufacturing; thus, the TPR's profit does not necessarily increase. Compared with a decentralized scenario, the output of remanufactured products and the total profit increase. When the acceptance level of remanufactured products is high enough or when emissions from remanufacturing are low enough, the total carbon emissions are reduced in the centralized scenario. For the coordination of the CLSC, the OEM needs to increase the outsourcing fee and the TPR needs to share part of the emission reduction costs.

Research limitations/implications

The TPR can choose three different remanufacturing strategies, namely, no remanufacturing, partial remanufacturing or full remanufacturing. For the majority of firms, it is difficult to remanufacture all used products. Therefore, the analysis is based only on partial remanufacturing.

Practical implications

The results provide insights for remanufacturing and emission reduction decisions, as well as a decision basis for the cooperation between the OEM and TPR.

Originality/value

The authors combine the OEM's carbon emission reduction with outsourcing remanufacturing, and investigate the impact of technological spillover on the TPR's profit.

中文翻译：

---

外包再制造闭环供应链的碳减排与协调

目的

外包再制造是再制造的主要形式，减排是制造商生产的重要组成部分。本文旨在研究具有外包再制造的闭环供应链 (CLSC) 中的碳减排策略，并设计一份合同来协调 CLSC。

设计/方法/方法

作者建立了原始设备制造商（OEM）和第三方再制造商（TPR）在不同场景下的两期博弈模型，包括分散决策、集中决策和协调决策。此外，作者通过最大化利润模型来研究最优决策。作者还通过比较分析研究了碳税和减排对最优决策的影响。

发现

减排增加了新产品的数量和原始设备制造商的利润。但减排降低了外包费用，不利于再制造；因此，TPR 的利润不一定会增加。与去中心化场景相比，再制造产品的产量和总利润增加。当再制造产品的接受度足够高或再制造排放足够低时，集中情景下的碳排放总量就会减少。为了协调CLSC，OEM需要增加外包费用，TPR需要分担部分减排成本。

研究限制/影响

TPR可以选择三种不同的再制造策略，即不再制造、部分再制造或完全再制造。对于大多数公司来说，很难再制造所有使用过的产品。因此，该分析仅基于部分再制造。

实际影响

研究结果为再制造和减排决策提供了见解，也为OEM与TPR合作提供了决策依据。

原创性/价值

作者将OEM的碳减排与外包再制造相结合，考察了技术溢出对TPR利润的影响。