Microneedle patches have received much interest in the last two decades as drug/vaccine delivery or fluid sampling systems for diagnostic and monitoring purposes. Microneedles are manufactured using a variety of additive and subtractive micromanufacturing techniques. In the last decade, much attention has been paid to using additive manufacturing techniques in both research and industry, such as 3D printing, fused deposition modeling, inkjet printing, and two-photon polymerization (2PP), with 2PP being the most flexible method for the fabrication of microneedle arrays. 2PP is one of the most versatile and precise additive manufacturing processes, which enables the fabrication of arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) prototypes directly from computer-aided-design (CAD) models with a resolution down to 100 nm. Due to its unprecedented flexibility and high spatial resolution, the use of this technology has been widespread for the fabrication of bio-microdevices and bio-nanodevices such as microneedles and microfluidic devices. This is a pioneering transformative technology that facilitates the fabrication of complex miniaturized structures that cannot be fabricated with established multistep manufacturing methods such as injection molding, photolithography, and etching. Thus, microstructures are designed according to structural and fluid dynamics considerations rather than the manufacturing constraints imposed by methods such as machining or etching processes. This article presents the fundamentals of 2PP and the recent development of microneedle array fabrication through 2PP as a precise and unique method for the manufacture of microstructures, which may overcome the shortcomings of conventional manufacturing processes.

在过去的 20 年中，微针贴片作为用于诊断和监测目的的药物/疫苗递送或流体采样系统受到了广泛关注。微针是使用各种增材和减材微制造技术制造的。在过去的十年中，在研究和工业中使用增材制造技术受到了很多关注，例如 3D 打印、熔融沉积建模、喷墨打印和双光子聚合 (2PP)，其中 2PP 是最灵活的方法。微针阵列的制作。2PP 是最通用和最精确的增材制造工艺之一，它可以直接从分辨率低至 100 nm 的计算机辅助设计 (CAD) 模型中制造任意 3D (3D) 原型。由于其前所未有的灵活性和高空间分辨率，该技术已广泛用于制造生物微器件和生物纳米器件，例如微针和微流体器件。这是一项开创性的变革性技术，有助于制造复杂的小型化结构，而这些结构无法通过现有的多步骤制造方法（如注塑成型、光刻和蚀刻）来制造。因此，微结构的设计是根据结构和流体动力学考虑，而不是由加工或蚀刻工艺等方法强加的制造限制。本文介绍了 2PP 的基本原理以及通过 2PP 制造微针阵列的最新发展，这是一种精确而独特的微结构制造方法，