Reviewed by:

• Fear in the German-Speaking World, 1600–2000 ed. by Thomas J. Kehoe and Michael G. Pickering
• Waltraud Maierhofer

Fear in the German-Speaking World, 1600–2000, edited by Thomas J. Kehoe and Michael G. Pickering, which is aptly placed in the series "History of Emotions," is advertised as "the first collection that centers fear in the historical analysis of Central Europe since 1600," demonstrating "the importance of emotional experience to the study of the past" (back cover). From fear of vampires to that of the loss of national sovereignty, pestilence, gypsies, and criminals to the fear of fear itself the chapters reveal how fear was understood and negotiated in a wide range of historical contexts, and how people coped with it. Despite different analytical frameworks and the particularity of the case studies, the collection's goal is to show connections between the disparate constructions of fear in (predominantly) German-speaking countries over four centuries. (Switzerland is not examined.) Beyond the individual focus of each chapter, the editors suggest "an evolving construction of fear" in these countries that is "likely in part universally human, and contextualized culturally and historically in this specific space" (8).

Only one chapter has a specific Austrian focus: "Vampires, Ottomans, and the Specter of Contagion: The Intersectionality of Fear on the Periphery of the Habsburg Monarchy" by Michael G. Pickering (Chapter 3). Pickering investigates the origins of the vampire "debate" in the early eighteenth century with three cases of suspicious deaths in two Serbian villages and one town, all on the southern frontier of the Habsburg empire. An investigation by military officials revealed that "vampires were, in one sense, harbingers of impending plague, and that they represented a form of pathogenic infiltration of and incursion into the Habsburg territories" (42). Pickering reads the archival sources as contributing to an emergent construction of fear in a specific time span (1725 to 1732) and across a variety of documents. He sees in the narratives deeper fears of incursion or infiltration and destruction at work, fears that [End Page 139] included elements of the fantastical (applying Lyndal Roper's use of the term in her research on witch hunts) as opposed to anxieties which he understands as founded on rational concerns. (Not all chapters in the book differentiate fear and anxiety in the same way.) Concerns of contagion and depopulation intersect with a new enemy, "the blood-thirsty dead and their capacity for unchecked infiltration and destruction" (57). Pickering suggests that it was the genre of the autopsy report that shaped the discourse on vampires. He concludes that medicalization was able to "neutralize 'fear' and transform 'anxiety' into a specific, localized threat; a threat that could be contained and confronted" (57). On the other hand, the vampire came to represent a threat to the cultural and political order of the Habsburg empire from the Ottoman Empire, a threat of invasion from Slavic countries, embodying superstitious beliefs and primitive forces.

Other chapters, on political fear, specifically fear of French cultural incursion in the late seventeenth-century Holy Roman Empire during the wars of Louis XIV (Chapter 2 by Kirsten L. Cooper) and gender and fear in the Third Reich (Chapter 7 by Sebastian Huebel), subsume Austrian aspects. Cooper argues that the French armies inspired anxieties that were expressed in pamphlets as imminent conquest and political ruin and that led to representations of the fear of turning French. Huebel investigates how the Nazis targeted German-Jewish men as racial invaders in the proclaimed "Aryan" state and the resulting impact on men's emotions.

Most of this book investigates the role of fear in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Germany, Nazi Germany, and the divided Germany of the Cold War: in an eighteenth-century Southwest German town (Chapter 4 by Dennis Frey), "gypsy hysteria" in the nineteenth century (Chapter 5 by Charissa Kurda), "the image of the SA and the presence of propaganda" in the public during the late Weimar Republic (Chapter 6 by Jacob Berg and Richard Scully), the "criminal archetype" in post–World War II Western Germany...

审核人：

• 德语世界的恐惧，1600-2000版。作者：Thomas J. Kehoe 和 Michael G. Pickering
• 沃尔特劳德·迈尔霍夫

德语世界的恐惧，1600-2000由 Thomas J. Kehoe 和 Michael G. Pickering 编辑，被恰当地放置在“情感史”系列中，被宣传为“自 1600 年以来中欧历史分析中第一个以恐惧为中心的系列”，展示了“情感体验对研究过去的重要性”（封底）。从对吸血鬼的恐惧到对失去国家主权、瘟疫、吉普赛人和罪犯的恐惧，再到对恐惧本身的恐惧，这些章节揭示了在广泛的历史背景下如何理解和协商恐惧，以及人们如何应对它。尽管有不同的分析框架和案例研究的特殊性，该系列的目标是展示四个世纪以来（主要是）德语国家中不同的恐惧结构之间的联系。

只有一章有特定的奥地利重点：“吸血鬼、奥斯曼帝国和传染的幽灵：哈布斯堡君主制外围的恐惧交叉”迈克尔 G. 皮克林（第 3 章）。皮克林调查了 18 世纪早期吸血鬼“争论”的起源，在两个塞尔维亚村庄和一个城镇发生了三起可疑死亡案件，所有这些案件都发生在哈布斯堡帝国的南部边境。军方官员的一项调查显示，“从某种意义上说，吸血鬼是即将发生的瘟疫的先兆，它们代表了一种病原体渗透和入侵哈布斯堡领土的形式”（42）。皮克林认为档案资料有助于在特定时间跨度（1725 年至 1732 年）和各种文件中形成恐惧。[第139页结束]包括幻想的元素（应用林达尔罗珀在她关于猎巫的研究中使用这个词），而不是他认为建立在理性关注基础上的焦虑。（并非本书中的所有章节都以相同的方式区分恐惧和焦虑。）对传染和人口减少的担忧与新敌人交叉，“嗜血的死者及其不受限制的渗透和破坏的能力”（57）。皮克林认为，正是尸检报告的类型塑造了关于吸血鬼的讨论。他的结论是，医疗化能够“中和‘恐惧’并将‘焦虑’转化为一种特定的、局部的威胁；一种可以被遏制和面对的威胁”（57）。另一方面，

其他章节，关于政治恐惧，特别是对路易十四战争期间法国文化入侵 17 世纪晚期神圣罗马帝国的恐惧（Kirsten L. Cooper 的第 2 章）以及第三帝国的性别和恐惧（塞巴斯蒂安的第 7 章） Huebel），包括奥地利方面。库珀认为，法国军队激发了人们的焦虑，这些焦虑在小册子中被表达为迫在眉睫的征服和政治毁灭，并导致人们对转向法国的恐惧。Huebel 调查了纳粹如何将德裔犹太人作为种族侵略者在所谓的“雅利安”国家中作为种族入侵者，以及由此对男性的情绪产生的影响。

本书的大部分内容都调查了恐惧在 19 世纪和 20 世纪的德国、纳粹德国和冷战分裂的德国中的作用：在 18 世纪的德国西南部城镇（丹尼斯·弗雷的第 4 章），“吉普赛歇斯底里症”在 19 世纪（Charissa Kurda 的第 5 章），魏玛共和国晚期公众中的“SA 形象和宣传的存在”（Jacob Berg 和 Richard Scully 的第 6 章），后期的“犯罪原型” ——二战西德……