The treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has been an unequal challenge for many decades. Although significant progress has been made in the discovery of the mechanisms underlying the molecular pathogenesis of the disease, more than 50% of AML patients still die, mostly from relapsed disease. Currently, the only potential curative option for patients with R/R AML remains allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in second complete remission, which is far being easy to achieve, mainly for patients with primary induction failure or older than 65 years. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent advances in the management of patients with R/R AML, with particular emphasis to new therapeutic options that are replacing conventional salvage chemotherapy.

中文翻译：

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复发/难治性急性髓系白血病患者的变化情况。

几十年来，复发或难治性 (R/R) 急性髓性白血病 (AML) 患者的治疗一直是一个不平等的挑战。尽管在发现疾病分子发病机制的基础上取得了重大进展，但仍有超过 50% 的 AML 患者死亡，其中大部分死于疾病复发。目前，R/R AML 患者唯一的潜在治愈选择仍然是第二次完全缓解的异基因骨髓移植，这很容易实现，主要针对初次诱导失败或 65 岁以上的患者。本综述的目的是讨论 R/R AML 患者管理的最新进展，特别强调正在取代传统挽救性化疗的新治疗方案。