Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry ( IF 3.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-02 , DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03626-8 Zachary Foulks 1 , Jennifer Parks 1, 2 , William Stoecker 2 , Charles Kristensen 3 , Eileen A Hebets 4 , Honglan Shi 1
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Loxosceles reclusa, or brown recluse spider, is a harmful household spider whose habitat extends throughout the Midwest in the USA and other regions in the world. The pheromones and other biomolecules that facilitate signaling for brown recluses and other spider species are poorly understood. A rapid and sensitive method is needed to analyze airborne spider signaling biomolecules to better understand the structure and function of these biochemicals in order to control the population of the spiders. In this study, we developed a novel headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-GC/MS method to analyze potential pheromones and biomolecules emitted by the brown recluse spider. The method is highly selective and sensitive for biomolecule identification and quantification from a single live spider. Using this novel non-destructive HS-SPME-GC/MS technique, we identified 11 airborne biomolecules, including 4-methylquinazoline, dimethyl sulfone, 2-methylpropanoic acid, butanoic acid, hexanal, 3-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde, 2-phenoxyethanol, and citral (contains both isomers of neral and geranial). Some of these airborne biomolecules were also reported as semiochemicals associated with biological functions of other spiders and insects. The method was also applied to study the airborne biochemicals of Plectreurys tristis, another primitive hunting spider with a poor web, enabling quantitation of the same compounds and demonstrating a difference in signaling molecule concentrations between the two species. This method has potential application in the study of pheromones and biological signaling in other species, which allows for the possibility of utilizing attractant or deterrent functions to limit household populations of harmful species.
Graphical abstract
中文翻译：
使用顶空固相微萃取-GC/MS 鉴定和定量棕色隐士和另一种原始狩猎蜘蛛释放的 11 种空气生化物质
隐士陆龟或棕色隐士蜘蛛，是一种有害的家庭蜘蛛，其栖息地遍布美国中西部和世界其他地区。对促进棕色隐士和其他蜘蛛物种信号传递的信息素和其他生物分子知之甚少。需要一种快速而灵敏的方法来分析空中蜘蛛信号生物分子，以更好地了解这些生化物质的结构和功能，从而控制蜘蛛的数量。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种新型顶空固相微萃取 (HS-SPME)-GC/MS 方法来分析棕色隐士蜘蛛释放的潜在信息素和生物分子。该方法对单个活蜘蛛的生物分子识别和定量具有高度选择性和敏感性。使用这种新型无损 HS-SPME-GC/MS 技术，我们鉴定了 11 种空气传播的生物分子，包括 4-甲基喹唑啉、二甲基砜、2-甲基丙酸、丁酸、己醛、3-甲基丁酸、2-甲基丁酸、2,4-二甲基苯甲醛、2-苯氧基乙醇和柠檬醛（包含两种异构体） neral 和geranial）。其中一些空气传播的生物分子也被报道为与其他蜘蛛和昆虫的生物学功能相关的化学信息素。该方法还应用于研究空气中的生化物质 其中一些空气传播的生物分子也被报道为与其他蜘蛛和昆虫的生物学功能相关的化学信息素。该方法还应用于研究空气中的生化物质 其中一些空气传播的生物分子也被报道为与其他蜘蛛和昆虫的生物学功能相关的化学信息素。该方法还应用于研究空气中的生化物质Plectreurys tristis是另一种原始捕猎蜘蛛，蛛网很差，能够对相同的化合物进行定量，并证明两个物种之间信号分子浓度存在差异。这种方法在其他物种的信息素和生物信号研究中具有潜在的应用价值，这使得利用引诱或威慑功能来限制有害物种的家庭种群成为可能。
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