People's automatic (unintentional, uncontrollable, and efficient) preference between social groups often determines their automatic preference between unknown individual members of these groups, a prominent example for automatic prejudice. What happens when the person making the judgment has long known the target individuals? Practice might automatize the deliberate judgment of the individuals. Then, if deliberate judgment is nonprejudiced, automatic prejudice might decrease. In 29 studies (total N = 4,907), we compared preferences between a famous member of a dominant social group and a famous member of a stigmatized social group on indirect measures of evaluation that were developed to measure automatic preference and on self-report measures. In most studies, we chose pairs based on prior self-reported preference for the member of the stigmatized group. The measures showed discrepancy, with indirect measures suggesting an automatic preference for the member of the dominant group. We replicated these results with various target individuals, two pairs of social groups (Black/White, old/young), two indirect measures, and in two countries (Studies 1-23). The indirectly measured prodominant preference was stronger when visual characteristics of the group were present rather than absent (Studies 24 and 25), suggesting a stronger effect of group characteristics on automatic than on deliberate preference between the individuals. On self-report and indirect measures, the preferences between individuals were related to the preferences between their groups (Studies 26 and 27) yet also to individuating information (Studies 28 and 29). Our results suggest that group evaluation plays a central role in the automatic evaluation of familiar (and not only novel) members of stigmatized groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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群体成员身份和个性化信息对知名人士的自动和有意评估的影响。

人们在社会群体之间的自动（无意识的、无法控制的和有效的）偏好往往决定了他们对这些群体的未知个体成员的自动偏好，这是自动偏见的一个突出例子。当做出判断的人早就知道目标个体时会发生什么？实践可能会使个人的深思熟虑的判断自动化。然后，如果刻意判断是无偏见的，自动偏见可能会减少。在 29 项研究（总 N = 4,907）中，我们比较了占主导地位的社会群体的著名成员和被污名化的社会群体的著名成员之间在评估的间接测量方面的偏好，这些评估措施旨在衡量自动偏好和自我报告措施。在大多数研究中，我们根据先前自我报告的对被污名化群体成员的偏好选择了配对。这些措施显示出差异，间接措施表明对主导群体成员的自动偏好。我们用不同的目标个体、两对社会群体（黑人/白人、老人/年轻人）、两种间接措施和两个国家（研究 1-23）复制了这些结果。当群体的视觉特征存在而不是不存在时，间接测量的显性偏好更强（研究 24 和 25），这表明群体特征对自动偏好的影响比对个体之间故意偏好的影响更大。关于自我报告和间接措施，个人之间的偏好与其群体之间的偏好有关（研究 26 和 27），但也与个体信息有关（研究 28 和 29）。我们的结果表明，群体评估在对被污名化群体的熟悉（不仅是新的）成员进行自动评估中发挥着核心作用。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。