The periodic application of chemical lampricides that selectively kill larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in their nursery habitats remains a primary component of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission’s (GLFC) Sea Lamprey Control Program in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lampricides include 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide, the 2-aminoethanol salt of 2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide, which may be used as an additive to TFM during stream treatments, or alone in a granular, bottom-release formulation to target sea lamprey larvae in deepwater environments where dilution would render TFM ineffective. During the early 1990s, the GLFC identified lampricide reduction targets in response to societal concerns with pesticide use, rising lampricide costs, and promising research into alternative controls. By 1999, the GLFC’s control agents, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), had reduced TFM use by 36%. However, without effective alternative methods to compensate for increasing larval and juvenile production, sea lamprey abundance and lake trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) marking rates rose throughout the Great Lakes. Beginning in the early 2000s, the GLFC and its control agents responded to burgeoning sea lamprey populations by implementing measures to advance the use of lampricides, which included: 1) assessing and controlling sea lamprey larvae that survived treatment; 2) enhancing treatment efficacy; 3) developing new technology to effectively treat larval populations that inhabit deepwater environments; 4) increasing operational capacity to treat more tributaries and lentic areas at shorter intervals; and, 5) conducting large-scale and targeted treatment strategies. When comparing lampricide use between the decades of 1990–1999 and 2010–2019, significant increases occurred in the mean number of treatments and amounts of TFM and niclosamide applied annually. Concurrent with these actions, researchers undertook studies to identify factors that erode lampricide treatment efficiency, elucidate physiological mode of action, and investigate lethal and sub-lethal impacts of lampricide exposure on aquatic organisms. By integrating new operational tactics and strategies with advances in science and technology, the GLFC, DFO, and USFWS, with support from the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, have achieved unprecedented suppression of sea lampreys and reduction in lake trout marking in the Great Lakes. However, emerging challenges potentially threaten the future use of lampricides.

选择性杀灭幼体海七鳃鳗（Petromyzon marinus) 在它们的苗圃栖息地中仍然是劳伦森大湖区五大湖渔业委员会 (GLFC) 海七鳃鳗控制计划的主要组成部分。Lampricides 包括 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) 和 niclosamide，即 2', 5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide 的 2-氨基乙醇盐，可在流处理期间用作 TFM 的添加剂，或单独用于颗粒状、底部释放配方，用于在深水环境中针对海七鳃鳗幼虫，在这些环境中稀释会使 TFM 无效。在 1990 年代初期，GLFC 确定了减少杀灭灯剂的目标，以响应社会对杀虫剂使用、杀灭灯剂成本上升以及替代控制的有希望的研究的关注。到 1999 年，GLFC 的控制机构加拿大渔业和海洋局 (DFO) 和美国鱼类和野生动物管理局 (USFWS)，减少了 36% 的 TFM 使用。然而，没有有效的替代方法来补偿不断增加的幼体和幼体产量、海七鳃鳗的丰度和湖鳟鱼（枫香) 整个五大湖区的标记率都有所上升。从 2000 年代初开始，GLFC 及其控制剂通过实施促进使用杀灭灯剂的措施来应对迅速增长的海七鳃鳗种群，其中包括：1) 评估和控制在治疗后存活的海七鳃鳗幼虫；2) 提高治疗效果；3) 开发新技术以有效处理栖息在深水环境中的幼虫种群；4) 提高业务能力，以更短的间隔处理更多的支流和滞留区；5) 实施大规模、有针对性的治疗策略。在比较 1990-1999 年和 2010-2019 年间的杀灭灯剂使用情况时，平均治疗次数和每年使用的 TFM 和氯硝柳胺的用量显着增加。在这些行动的同时，研究人员进行了研究，以确定影响杀灭灯剂处理效率的因素，阐明生理作用模式，并调查杀灭灯剂暴露对水生生物的致死和亚致死影响。通过将新的作战战术和战略与科技进步相结合，GLFC、DFO 和 USFWS 在美国地质调查局和美国陆军工程兵团的支持下，实现了对海七鳃鳗的前所未有的抑制和湖鳟标记的减少在五大湖区。然而，新出现的挑战可能会威胁到灭灯剂的未来使用。通过将新的作战战术和战略与科技进步相结合，GLFC、DFO 和 USFWS 在美国地质调查局和美国陆军工程兵团的支持下，实现了对海七鳃鳗的前所未有的抑制和湖鳟标记的减少在五大湖区。然而，新出现的挑战可能会威胁到灭灯剂的未来使用。通过将新的作战战术和战略与科技进步相结合，GLFC、DFO 和 USFWS 在美国地质调查局和美国陆军工程兵团的支持下，实现了对海七鳃鳗的前所未有的抑制和湖鳟标记的减少在五大湖区。然而，新出现的挑战可能会威胁到灭灯剂的未来使用。