Recent investigations of gut microbiota have contributed to understanding of the critical role of microbial community in pathophysiology. Dysbiosis not only causes disturbance directly to the gastrointestinal tract but also affects the liver through gut-liver axis. Various types of dysbiosis have been documented in alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary sclerosing cholangitis, and may be crucial for the initiation, progression, or deterioration to end-stage liver disease. A few microbial species have been identified as the causal factors leading to these chronic illnesses that either do not have clear etiologies or lack effective treatment. Notably, cytolysin-producing Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus gallinarum were defined for ALD, NASH, and AIH, respectively. These groundbreaking discoveries drive a rapid development in innovative therapeutics, such as fecal microbial transplantation and implementation of specific bacteriophages in addition to prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics for intervention of dysbiosis. Although most emerging interventions are in preclinical development or early clinical trials, a better delineation of specific dysbiosis in these disorders at metabolic, immunogenic, or molecular levels in establishing particular causal effects aids in modulating or correcting the microbial community which is the part of daily life for human being.

中文翻译：

---

干预肠道微生物群治疗慢性肝病的新方法

最近对肠道微生物群的研究有助于理解微生物群落在病理生理学中的关键作用。生态失调不仅会直接导致胃肠道紊乱，还会通过肠-肝轴影响肝脏。在酒精性肝病 (ALD)、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、自身免疫性肝炎 (AIH)、原发性硬化性胆管炎中，已经记录了各种类型的生态失调，并且可能对终末期肝病的发生、进展或恶化至关重要。一些微生物种类已被确定为导致这些慢性疾病的原因，这些疾病要么没有明确的病因，要么缺乏有效的治疗。值得注意的是，产溶细胞素的粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和分别为 ALD、NASH 和 AIH 定义了鸡肠球菌。这些突破性的发现推动了创新疗法的快速发展，例如粪便微生物移植和特定噬菌体的实施以及用于干预生态失调的益生元、益生菌或合生元。尽管大多数新兴干预措施处于临床前开发或早期临床试验阶段，但在代谢、免疫原性或分子水平上更好地描述这些疾病中特定的生态失调，以建立特定的因果效应有助于调节或纠正作为日常生活一部分的微生物群落为人类。