In the wake of past U.S. Presidential elections, voters supporting the losing side have shown a social pain response. In this paper we demonstrate that these findings held again in the 2020 election, helping to confirm that it is the voting experience itself that matters (since the 2020 losing-side voters were winning-side voters in the previous election). In prior elections, this pattern was most evident among strong positive partisans; we report mixed support for this in the 2020 election. Using a new graphical measure of negative partisanship, we were able to compare the experiences of negative versus positive partisans. Strong negative partisanship appears to act as a ‘hedge’ by buffering voters who wind up on the losing side of an election from social pain.

中文翻译：

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党派对2020年总统大选的消极和积极反应

在过去的美国总统选举之后，支持失败一方的选民表现出社会痛苦反应。在本文中，我们证明了这些发现在 2020 年选举中再次成立，有助于确认投票经验本身很重要（因为 2020 年失败的选民在上一次选举中是获胜的选民）。在之前的选举中，这种模式在强烈的积极党派中最为明显。我们在 2020 年的选举中报告了对此的不同支持。使用一种新的消极党派关系图形测量方法，我们能够比较消极党派和积极党派的经历。强烈的负面党派偏见似乎起到了“对冲”的作用，可以缓冲因社会痛苦而在选举中落选的选民。