The properties of a thermally sprayed coating, such as its durability or thermal conductivity depend on its microstructure, which is in turn directly related to the particle impact process. To simulate this process we present a 3D Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model, which represents the molten droplet as an incompressible fluid, while a semi-implicit Enthalpy-Porosity method is applied for the mushy zone during solidification. In addition, we present an implicit correction for SPH simulations, based on well known approaches, from which we can observe improved performance and simulation stability. We apply our SPH method to the impact and solidification of Al$_2$O$_3$ droplets onto a free slip substrate and perform a rigorous quantitative comparison of our method with the commercial software Ansys Fluent using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) approach, while taking identical physical effects into consideration. The results are evaluated in depth and we discuss the applicability of either method for the simulation of thermal spray deposition. We show that SPH is an excellent method for solving this free surface problem accurately and efficiently.

中文翻译：

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SPH 在热喷涂影响建模中的应用和基准

热喷涂涂层的性能，例如其耐久性或导热性取决于其微观结构，而微观结构又与颗粒冲击过程直接相关。为了模拟这个过程，我们提出了一个 3D 平滑粒子流体动力学 (SPH) 模型，该模型将熔滴表示为不可压缩的流体，而半隐式焓孔隙率方法适用于凝固过程中的糊状区域。此外，我们基于众所周知的方法对 SPH 模拟进行了隐式校正，从中我们可以观察到性能和模拟稳定性的提高。我们将我们的 SPH 方法应用于 Al$_2$O$_3$ 液滴在自由滑动基底上的撞击和固化，并使用流体体积 (VOF) 方法对我们的方法与商业软件 Ansys Fluent 进行严格的定量比较，同时考虑到相同的物理效果。对结果进行了深入评估，我们讨论了两种方法对热喷涂沉积模拟的适用性。我们表明，SPH 是准确有效地解决此自由表面问题的绝佳方法。