The unmet need for modern contraception remains high around the world, particularly for youth. While some of this unmet need is driven by limited health infrastructure and method mix availability, many adolescents who visit family planning providers still do not receive methods that fit their needs. This suggests that providers may be biased against youth and that interventions to change provider behavior could help close this gap. However, it is unclear if this bias is a result of age or other characteristics common among young women such as not being married and not having children. We use a discrete choice experiment in Burkina Faso, Pakistan, and Tanzania to disentangle the effects of age on providers’ decisions to provide contraception from the effects of other potential confounding factors. We find that, although young women may experience the most bias, age is not the main driver. Rather, marital status and parity seem to influence provider decisions to offer services or counsel on modern methods. These findings suggest that interventions to reduce provider bias should focus on changing behavior towards unmarried and nulliparous women, regardless of their age.

中文翻译：

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测量计划生育提供者的偏见：布基纳法索、巴基斯坦和坦桑尼亚提供者之间的离散选择实验

世界各地对现代避孕的需求仍未得到满足，尤其是对年轻人而言。虽然一些未满足的需求是由有限的卫生基础设施和方法组合可用性驱动的，但许多访问计划生育提供者的青少年仍然没有得到适合他们需求的方法。这表明提供者可能对年轻人有偏见，而改变提供者行为的干预措施可能有助于缩小这一差距。然而，尚不清楚这种偏见是否是由于年龄或年轻女性常见的其他特征（例如未婚和未生育）造成的。我们在布基纳法索、巴基斯坦和坦桑尼亚使用离散选择实验来区分年龄对提供者决定提供避孕的影响以及其他潜在混杂因素的影响。我们发现，虽然年轻女性的偏见可能最多，但年龄并不是主要驱动力。相反，婚姻状况和平等似乎会影响提供者决定提供现代方法的服务或咨询。这些研究结果表明，减少提供者偏见的干预措施应侧重于改变对未婚和未生育女性的行为，无论其年龄大小。