Despite numerous recent developments in bioimaging techniques, nanoscale and live-cell imaging of the plasma membrane has been challenging because of the insufficient z-resolution of optical microscopes, as well as the lack of fluorescent probes to specifically label small membrane structures. High-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) is a powerful tool for visualising the dynamics of a specimen surface and is therefore suitable for observing plasma membrane dynamics. Recent developments in HS-AFM for live-cell imaging have enabled the visualisation of the plasma membrane and the network of cortical actin underneath the membrane in a living cell. Furthermore, correlative imaging with fluorescence microscopy allows for the direct visualisation of morphological changes of the plasma membrane together with the dynamic assembly or disassembly of proteins during the entire course of endocytosis in a living cell. Here, we review these recent advances in HS-AFM in order to analyse various cellular events occurring at the cell surface.

中文翻译：

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通过高速原子力显微镜研究质膜的形态动力学。

尽管生物成像技术最近取得了许多进展，但由于光学显微镜的 z 分辨率不足，以及缺乏专门标记小膜结构的荧光探针，质膜的纳米级和活细胞成像一直具有挑战性。高速原子力显微镜 (HS-AFM) 是可视化样品表面动力学的强大工具，因此适用于观察质膜动力学。用于活细胞成像的 HS-AFM 的最新发展使活细胞中质膜和膜下皮质肌动蛋白网络的可视化成为可能。此外，荧光显微镜相关成像允许在活细胞内吞作用的整个过程中直接观察质膜的形态变化以及蛋白质的动态组装或分解。在这里，我们回顾了 HS-AFM 的这些最新进展，以分析发生在细胞表面的各种细胞事件。