Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium [F. dimerum species complex (SC)], Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).

中文翻译：

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镰刀菌：多节或足状基底细胞。

最近的出版物认为，研究人员在识别 Nectriaceae 家族末端镰刀菌分支中的不同属时可能会产生严重后果。因此，提出了另一种假设，即镰刀菌属的非常广泛的概念。然而，在这样做的过程中，基于形态学、生物学和系统发育学支持 Nectriaceae 中不同属的大量数据被忽视。提出了基于 19 个直系同源蛋白质编码基因的 DNA 系统发育，以支持 Nectriaceae 中 F1 节镰孢菌的非常广泛的概念。在这里，我们证明，对该数据集的重新分析表明，所有 19 个基因都支持代表 Fusarium sensu stricto 的 F3 节点，如 F. sambucinum（有性形态同义词 Gibberella pulicaris）所定义。系统发育的主干通过串联比对解决，但 19 个基因中只有 6 个完全支持 F1 节点，代表镰刀菌的广泛范围。此外，对串联数据集的重新分析揭示了不同系统发育算法中的替代拓扑，突出了被提议为镰刀菌属成员的各种 Nectriaceae 谱系的深度分歧和未解决的位置。镰刀菌属 (Fusarium) 的种类。海峡 赤霉属的特征是有性变体、具有薄壁或厚壁大分生孢子的无性变体，具有各种形状的顶端和基底细胞，以及产生单端孢菌素霉菌毒素，这将它们与其他镰刀菌属区别开来。在这里，我们展示了镰刀菌的 Wollenweber 概念目前涵盖了 20 个具有明确共性特征的分离属，并且镰刀菌类大分生孢子代表了整个 Nectriaceae 中多次获得或丢失的特征。因此，镰刀菌属的广泛范围是模糊的，没有明显的共性，并且不包括所有具有镰刀菌样大分生孢子的属，这些属分布在整个Nectriaceae中（例如，Cosmosporella，Macroconia，Microcera）。在这项研究中，引入了 4 个新属、18 个新种和 16 个新组合。这些名称传达了有关关系、形态和生态偏好的信息，否则这些信息将在镰刀菌的更广泛定义中丢失。为了帮助用户正确识别镰刀菌属和种，我们推出了一个新的在线鉴定数据库 Fusarioid-ID，可通过 www.fusarium.org 访问。该数据库包含常用于鉴定镰刀菌类群的多个基因的部分序列（act1、CaM、his3、rpb1、rpb2、tef1、tub2、ITS 和 LSU）。在本文中，我们还介绍了截至 2021 年 1 月在镰刀菌属中引入的名称命名器，以及它们的当前状态、类型和诊断 DNA 条形码数据。在这项研究中，来自 46 个国家的研究人员，代表分类学家、植物病理学家、医学真菌学家、检疫官员、监管机构和学生，强烈支持应用和使用更精确界定的镰刀菌（=赤霉属）概念，以在形态和生化特征明确且独特的组合的基础上适应来自强大的单系节点 F3 的分类单元。该 F3 节点包括 F. fujikuroi、F. incarnatum-equiseti、F. oxysporum 和 F. sambucinum 物种复合体等物种，但不包括 Bisifusarium [F. fujikuroi] 物种。二聚体物种复合体 (SC)]、Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC)、Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC)、Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) 或 Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC)。本研究代表了生成镰刀菌属和相关镰刀菌属新在线专着的第一步（www.fusarium.org）。