Abstract

Einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) is an ancient diploid wheat species with many useful traits and used as a wheat gene discovery model. In this research, a total of 41 diploid and tetraploid wheat accessions were tested using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 33 genotypes of T. monococcum along with four genotypes each of tetraploid wheat (T. dicoccon and T. durum) were used as plant material. The analysis utilized 10 polymorphic markers, including a total number of 41 alleles with an average frequency of 4.1 alleles per locus during exploration of the level of genetic variations. Various diversity analyses, which are the effective number of alleles (Ne), gene diversity (h), Polymorphic Information Content (PIC), and Shannon’s information index (I), were performed for 10 ‘A’ genome wheat SSR markers. The results showed a narrow variation in einkorn genotypes, supported by Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), with 66% maximum variation in all genotypes. The structure analysis divided the whole germplasm into two populations. A dendrogram was constructed to determine the genetic similarities using the unpaired group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA), which separated tetraploid wheat from other genotypes/accessions. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) co-supported the clustering of UPGMA and structure by differentiating the diploid and tetraploid wheat. These findings will help understand the genetic relationships among these wheat accessions and their use in breeding programs in the future works.

摘要

Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum ) 是一种古老的二倍体小麦品种，具有许多有用的性状，用作小麦基因发现模型。在这项研究中，使用简单序列重复 (SSR) 标记测试了总共 41 个二倍体和四倍体小麦种质。共有 33 种T. monococcum基因型以及四倍体小麦（T. dicoccon和T. durum) 被用作植物材料。该分析使用了 10 个多态性标记，包括总共 41 个等位基因，在探索遗传变异水平期间，每个基因座的平均频率为 4.1 个等位基因。对 10 个 'A' 基因组小麦 SSR 标记进行了各种多样性分析，包括等位基因的有效数量 (Ne)、基因多样性 (h)、多态信息含量 (PIC) 和香农信息指数 (I)。结果显示单粒小麦基因型的变异很小，得到分子变异分析 (AMOVA) 的支持，所有基因型的最大变异为 66%。结构分析将整个种质分为两个种群。使用具有算术平均值的未配对组方法（UPGMA）构建树状图以确定遗传相似性，它将四倍体小麦与其他基因型/种质分开。主坐标分析 (PCoA) 通过区分二倍体和四倍体小麦来共同支持 UPGMA 和结构的聚类。这些发现将有助于了解这些小麦种质之间的遗传关系及其在未来工作中在育种计划中的用途。