Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by a large number of inflammatory cell aggregation and alveolar cell damage in pathophysiology, have extremely high morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. In recent years, more and more studies have found that there are abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) in animal models and patients with ALI/ARDS, and they play a critical role in the pathogenesis of lung injury. Clarifying the mechanisms of EVs in lung injury is of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of ALI/ARDS. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings on the roles of EVs derived from different cells in ALI/ARDS, along with the formation, function, and related effects of EVs, and explore their potential clinical application for the diagnosis and treatment of ALI/ARDS.

急性肺损伤（ALI）和急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）在病理生理上以大量炎性细胞聚集和肺泡细胞损伤为特征，在危重症患者中具有极高的发病率和死亡率。近年来，越来越多的研究发现，在动物模型和ALI/ARDS患者中存在丰富的细胞外囊泡（EVs），它们在肺损伤的发病机制中发挥着关键作用。阐明EVs在肺损伤中的作用机制对于ALI/ARDS的诊断和治疗具有重要意义。在这篇综述中，我们将总结来自不同细胞的 EVs 在 ALI/ARDS 中的作用的最新发现，以及 EVs 的形成、功能和相关作用，并探讨其在 ALI 诊断和治疗中的潜在临床应用。 /ARDS。