Extreme weather events like heavy rainfall and heat waves will likely increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change. As the impacts of these extremes are particularly prominent in urban agglomerations, cities face an urgent need to develop adaptation strategies. Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) provides helpful strategies that harness ecological processes in addition to technical interventions. EbA has been addressed in informal adaptation planning. Formal municipality planning, namely landscape planning, is supposed to include traditionally some EbA measures, although adaptation has not been their explicit focus. Our research aims to investigate how landscape plans incorporate climate-related extremes and EbA as well as to discuss the potential to enhance EbA uptake in formal planning. We conducted a document analysis of informal planning documents from 85 German cities and the analysis of formal landscape plans of 61 of these cities. The results suggest that city size does affect the extent of informal planning instruments and the comprehensiveness of formal landscape plans. Climate-related extremes and EbA measures have traditionally been part of landscape planning. Almost all landscape plans address heat stress, while climate change and heavy rain have been addressed less often, though more frequently since 2008. Greening of walls and roofs, on-site infiltration and water retention reveal significant potential for better integration in landscape plans. Landscape planning offers an entry point for effective climate adaptation through EbA in cities. Informal and formal planning instruments should be closely combined for robust, spatially explicit, legally binding implementation of EbA measures in the future.

中文翻译：

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城市基于生态系统的适应：使用正式和非正式规划工具


由于气候变化，强降雨和热浪等极端天气事件的强度和频率可能会增加。由于这些极端事件的影响在城市群中尤为突出，城市迫切需要制定适应策略。基于生态系统的适应（EbA）提供了除了技术干预之外还利用生态过程的有用策略。 EbA 已在非正式适应规划中得到解决。正式的市政规划，即景观规划，传统上应该包括一些 EbA 措施，尽管适应并不是他们明确的重点。我们的研究旨在调查景观规划如何纳入与气候相关的极端事件和 EbA，并讨论在正式规划中增强 EbA 吸收的潜力。我们对 85 个德国城市的非正式规划文件进行了文件分析，并对其中 61 个城市的正式景观规划进行了分析。结果表明，城市规模确实影响非正式规划工具的范围和正式景观规划的全面性。与气候相关的极端事件和 EbA 措施历来是景观规划的一部分。几乎所有景观规划都涉及热应激问题，而气候变化和大雨的解决频率则较少，但自 2008 年以来频率较高。墙壁和屋顶绿化、现场渗透和保水揭示了更好地融入景观规划的巨大潜力。景观规划为城市通过 EbA 有效适应气候提供了切入点。非正式和正式规划工具应紧密结合，以便未来强有力、空间明确、具有法律约束力地实施 EbA 措施。