Rewilding is gaining importance across Europe, as agricultural abandonment trajectories provide opportunities for large-scale ecosystem restoration. However, its effective implementation is hitherto limited, in part due to a lack of monitoring of rewilding interventions and their interactions. Here, we provide a first assessment of rewilding progress across seven European sites. Using an iterative and participatory Delphi technique to standardize and analyze expert-based knowledge of these sites, we 1) map rewilding interventions onto the three central components of the rewilding framework (i.e. stochastic disturbances, trophic complexity and dispersal), 2) assess rewilding progress by quantifying 19 indicators spanning human forcing and ecological integrity and 3) compile key success and threat factors for rewilding progress. We find that the most common interventions were keystone species reintroductions, whereas the least common targeted stochastic disturbances. We find that rewilding scores have improved in five sites, but declined in two, partly due to competing socio-economic trends. Major threats for rewilding progress are related to land-use intensification policies and persecution of keystone species. Major determinants of rewilding success are its societal appeal and socio-economic benefits to local people. We provide an assessment of rewilding that is crucial in improving its restoration outcomes and informed implementation at scale across Europe in this decade of ecosystem restoration.

中文翻译：

---

基于专家的野化评估表明在站点层面取得了进展，但升级面临挑战

野化在整个欧洲变得越来越重要，因为农业废弃轨迹为大规模生态系统恢复提供了机会。然而，迄今为止，它的有效实施是有限的，部分原因是缺乏对野化干预措施及其相互作用的监测。在这里，我们对七个欧洲地点的野化进程进行了初步评估。使用迭代和参与式 Delphi 技术来标准化和分析这些站点的基于专家的知识，我们 1）将野化干预映射到野化框架的三个核心组成部分（即随机干扰、营养复杂性和分散），2）评估野化进程通过量化跨越人类强迫和生态完整性的 19 项指标，以及 3) 汇编重建野化进程的关键成功和威胁因素。我们发现最常见的干预措施是关键物种的重新引入，而最不常见的有针对性的随机干扰。我们发现，五个地点的野化分数有所提高，但有两个地点下降，部分原因是相互竞争的社会经济趋势。野化进程的主要威胁与土地利用集约化政策和对关键物种的迫害有关。野化成功的主要决定因素是其对当地人民的社会吸引力和社会经济效益。我们提供了对野化的评估，这对于在这十年的生态系统恢复中改善其恢复结果和在整个欧洲大规模知情实施至关重要。我们发现，五个地点的野化分数有所提高，但有两个地点下降，部分原因是相互竞争的社会经济趋势。野化进程的主要威胁与土地利用集约化政策和对关键物种的迫害有关。野化成功的主要决定因素是其对当地人民的社会吸引力和社会经济效益。我们提供了对野化的评估，这对于在这十年的生态系统恢复中改善其恢复结果和在整个欧洲大规模知情实施至关重要。我们发现，五个地点的野化分数有所提高，但有两个地点下降，部分原因是相互竞争的社会经济趋势。野化进程的主要威胁与土地利用集约化政策和对关键物种的迫害有关。野化成功的主要决定因素是其对当地人民的社会吸引力和社会经济效益。我们提供了对野化的评估，这对于在这十年的生态系统恢复中改善其恢复结果和在整个欧洲大规模知情实施至关重要。