In this work, a direct dual Z-scheme ZnO-Ho₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ (NC), polyaniline PANI-ZnO-Ho₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ (NCP), and reduced graphene oxide rGO-ZnO-Ho₂O₃-Sm₂O₃ (NCR) heterostructure nanocomposites were fabricated successfully. The XRD diffractograms confirmed that ZnO has hexagonal, while Ho₂O₃, and Sm₂O₃ have cubic phases in all grown composites. FTIR data exhibited the existence of the PANI, rGO, and metal–oxygen vibration. Raman spectra revealed the presence of optical phonon modes of individual oxides in nanocomposites. PL results disclose the lower charge carrier recombination rate in NCR. SEM images confirmed the anchoring of roughly spherical nanoparticles of NC with PANI and rGO. The UV–Vis analysis showed that the optical energy bandgap was 2.95 eV, 2.88 eV, and 2.81 eV for NC, NCP, and NCR, respectively. The EIS results exhibited a lower charge transfer resistance of NCR than others. The photocatalytic performance against MB, MR, and P-Nitro dyes under sunlight exhibited NCR > NCP > NC efficiency for all dyes in 60 min. The recyclability tests have confirmed the reusability upto six cycles. The antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. Vulgaris bacteria displayed a higher activity for NCR. The boosted photocatalytic and antibacterial performance of NCR have ascribed the existence of Z-scheme supported with rGO, promote electron/hole separation and hinder the charge carrier’s recombination. The results clearly demonstrate that the as-grown nanocomposites can be used as an effective material for bacterial disinfection and wastewater treatment.

在这项工作中，直接双Z 方案ZnO-Ho ₂ O ₃ -Sm ₂ O ₃ (NC)、聚苯胺 PANI-ZnO-Ho ₂ O ₃ -Sm ₂ O ₃ (NCP) 和还原氧化石墨烯 rGO-ZnO成功制备了-Ho ₂ O ₃ -Sm ₂ O ₃ (NCR)异质结构纳米复合材料。XRD 衍射图证实 ZnO 为六方晶系，而 Ho ₂ O ₃和 Sm ₂ O ₃在所有生长的复合材料中都有立方相。FTIR 数据表明存在 PANI、rGO 和金属-氧振动。拉曼光谱揭示了纳米复合材料中单个氧化物的光学声子模式的存在。PL 结果揭示了 NCR 中较低的电荷载流子复合率。SEM 图像证实了 NC 的大致球形纳米粒子与 PANI 和 rGO 的锚定。UV-Vis 分析表明，NC、NCP 和 NCR 的光能带隙分别为 2.95 eV、2.88 eV 和 2.81 eV。EIS 结果显示 NCR 的电荷转移电阻低于其他结果。阳光下对MB、MR和P-硝基染料的光催化性能表现出NCR  >  NCP  > 60 分钟内所有染料的 NC 效率。可回收性测试已确认可重复使用多达六个循环。对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和普通假单胞菌的 抗菌活性对 NCR 显示出较高的活性。NCR 增强的光催化和抗菌性能归因于rGO 支持的Z-scheme的存在，促进电子/空穴分离并阻碍电荷载流子的重组。结果清楚地表明，生长的纳米复合材料可用作细菌消毒和废水处理的有效材料。