In Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Here we review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways. These trends include (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the effects of different landscape trajectories on rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects of sustainable development. A better understanding of the drivers, patterns, and consequences of changes in coffee landscapes is vital for informing the design of policies, programs, and incentives for sustainable coffee production.

在拉丁美洲，阿拉比卡咖啡（Coffea arabica) 在农村生计、生物多样性保护和可持续发展方面发挥着关键作用。在过去的 20 年中，该地区的咖啡农场和景观经历了快速而深刻的生物物理变化，以应对低咖啡价格、不断变化的气候条件、严重的植物病原体爆发和其他驱动因素。尽管这些生物物理变化无处不在，影响着数百万农村的生计，但关于景观变化的类型、位置和程度及其社会经济和生态后果的信息有限。在这里，我们回顾了有关咖啡种植区正在进行的生物物理变化的知识状况，探讨了这些变化的潜在社会经济和生态影响，并强调了关键的研究空白。我们确定了以不同方式影响整个拉丁美洲咖啡种植区可持续性的七种主要土地利用趋势。这些趋势包括（1）广泛转向抗病品种，（2）咖啡管理的常规强化，种植密度更高，农用化学品使用更多，遮荫更少，（3）咖啡转化为其他农业用地， (4) 罗布斯塔咖啡的引入(Coffea canephora ) 进入以前没有种植咖啡的地区，(5) 将咖啡扩展到森林地区，(6) 咖啡景观的城市化，以及 (7) 根据自愿可持续性标准生产的咖啡面积增加。我们的审查强调了关于咖啡景观生物物理变化的驱动因素、模式和结果的不完整和分散的信息，并制定了详细的研究议程，以解决这些研究空白并阐明不同景观轨迹对农村生计、生物多样性保护、和可持续发展的其他方面。更好地了解咖啡景观变化的驱动因素、模式和后果对于为可持续咖啡生产的政策、计划和激励措施的设计提供信息至关重要。