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Frogs Respond to Commercial Formulations of the Biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, Especially Their Intestine Microbiota
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-30 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02322 Juan Manuel Gutierrez-Villagomez 1 , Géraldine Patey 1 , Tuan Anh To 1 , Molly Lefebvre-Raine 1 , Linda Ramona Lara-Jacobo 1 , Jérôme Comte 1 , Bert Klein 2 , Valerie S Langlois 1
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-30 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02322 Juan Manuel Gutierrez-Villagomez 1 , Géraldine Patey 1 , Tuan Anh To 1 , Molly Lefebvre-Raine 1 , Linda Ramona Lara-Jacobo 1 , Jérôme Comte 1 , Bert Klein 2 , Valerie S Langlois 1
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It is generally believed that Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) biopesticides are harmless to non-target organisms; however, new research shows controversial results. We exposed acutely and chronicallyLithobates sylvaticusandAnaxyrus americanus tadpoles until metamorphic climax to VectoBac 200G (granules) and VectoBac 1200L (aqueous suspension) at 300–20,000 ITU/L covering field-relevant concentrations and higher. The data show that the exposure parameters tested did not affect significantly the survival, total length, total weight, hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index, the expression of genes of interest (i.e., related to xenobiotic exposure, oxidative stress, and metamorphosis), and the intestine tissue layer detachment ofL. sylvaticusandA. americanus in a concentration–response pattern. In contrast, VectoBac 200G significantly increased the median time to metamorphosis ofL. sylvaticus tadpoles by up to 3.5 days and decreased the median by up to 1 day inA. americanus. VectoBac 1200L significantly increased the median time to metamorphosis ofL. sylvaticusandA. americanustadpoles by up to 4.5 days. Also, the exposure to VectoBac 200G and 1200L altered the intestine bacterial community composition inA. americanus at application rates recommended by the manufacturer, which led to an increase in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. Changes in the intestine microbiota might impact the fitness of individuals, including the susceptibility to parasitic infections. Our results indicate that the effect of Bti commercial products is limited; however, we recommend that Bti-spraying activities in amphibian-rich ecosystems should be kept minimal until there is more conclusive research to assess if the changes in the time to metamorphosis and microbiota can lead to negative outcomes in amphibian populations and, eventually, the functioning of ecosystems.
中文翻译：
青蛙对生物农药苏云金芽孢杆菌变种的商业配方有反应。以色列人，尤其是他们的肠道微生物群
一般认为苏云金芽孢杆菌变种。israelensis (Bti) 生物农药对非目标生物无害；然而，新的研究显示了有争议的结果。我们急性和慢性暴露Lithobates sylvaticus和Anaxyrus americanus蝌蚪直到变质高潮到 VectoBac 200G（颗粒）和 VectoBac 1200L（水悬浮液）在 300–20,000 ITU/L 覆盖现场相关浓度和更高。数据表明，所测试的暴露参数对存活率、总长度、总重量、肝体指数、性腺指数、感兴趣基因的表达（即与外源性暴露、氧化应激和变态有关）的表达没有显着影响，以及L. sylvaticus和A. americanus 的肠组织层以浓度-响应模式分离。相比之下，VectoBac 200G 使L. sylvaticus蝌蚪的变态时间中位数显着增加了3.5 天，并将A. americanus的中位数减少了 1 天. VectoBac 1200L 显着增加了L. sylvaticus和A. americanus蝌蚪变态的中位时间，最长可达 4.5 天。此外，暴露于 VectoBac 200G 和 1200L 改变了美洲曲霉菌的肠道细菌群落组成在制造商推荐的施用率下，这导致疣微菌、厚壁菌、拟杆菌和放线菌的相对丰度增加。肠道微生物群的变化可能会影响个体的健康，包括对寄生虫感染的易感性。我们的结果表明 Bti 商业产品的效果是有限的；然而，我们建议在两栖动物丰富的生态系统中喷洒 Bti 的活动应该保持最少，直到有更多确凿的研究来评估变态和微生物群的时间变化是否会导致两栖动物种群的负面结果，并最终影响其功能的生态系统。
更新日期：2021-09-21
中文翻译：
青蛙对生物农药苏云金芽孢杆菌变种的商业配方有反应。以色列人，尤其是他们的肠道微生物群
一般认为苏云金芽孢杆菌变种。israelensis (Bti) 生物农药对非目标生物无害；然而，新的研究显示了有争议的结果。我们急性和慢性暴露Lithobates sylvaticus和Anaxyrus americanus蝌蚪直到变质高潮到 VectoBac 200G（颗粒）和 VectoBac 1200L（水悬浮液）在 300–20,000 ITU/L 覆盖现场相关浓度和更高。数据表明，所测试的暴露参数对存活率、总长度、总重量、肝体指数、性腺指数、感兴趣基因的表达（即与外源性暴露、氧化应激和变态有关）的表达没有显着影响，以及L. sylvaticus和A. americanus 的肠组织层以浓度-响应模式分离。相比之下，VectoBac 200G 使L. sylvaticus蝌蚪的变态时间中位数显着增加了3.5 天，并将A. americanus的中位数减少了 1 天. VectoBac 1200L 显着增加了L. sylvaticus和A. americanus蝌蚪变态的中位时间，最长可达 4.5 天。此外，暴露于 VectoBac 200G 和 1200L 改变了美洲曲霉菌的肠道细菌群落组成在制造商推荐的施用率下，这导致疣微菌、厚壁菌、拟杆菌和放线菌的相对丰度增加。肠道微生物群的变化可能会影响个体的健康，包括对寄生虫感染的易感性。我们的结果表明 Bti 商业产品的效果是有限的；然而，我们建议在两栖动物丰富的生态系统中喷洒 Bti 的活动应该保持最少，直到有更多确凿的研究来评估变态和微生物群的时间变化是否会导致两栖动物种群的负面结果，并最终影响其功能的生态系统。
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