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Relaxivity-iron calibration in hepatic iron overload: Reproducibility and extension of a Monte Carlo model
NMR in Biomedicine ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-30 , DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4604 Changqing Wang 1, 2 , Scott B Reeder 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , Diego Hernando 2, 3
NMR in Biomedicine ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-30 , DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4604 Changqing Wang 1, 2 , Scott B Reeder 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , Diego Hernando 2, 3
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The aim of this study was to reproduce relaxivity-iron calibration in hepatic iron overload using a Monte Carlo model, and further extend the model with multiple spin echo (MSE) imaging. As previously reported, relationships between relaxation rates (
and single spin echo R2) and liver iron concentration (LIC) can be characterized by a Monte Carlo model incorporating realistic liver structure, iron distribution, and proton mobility. In this study, relaxivity-iron calibration curves at 1.5 and 3.0 T were simulated using the Monte Carlo model. Furthermore, the model was extended with MSE imaging, and iron calibrations were evaluated using two different fitting models: mononexponential with a constant offset and nonmonoexponential. Results consistent with previous empirical calibrations and Monte Carlo predictions were accurately reproduced for relaxivity-iron calibration. The predicted 
and single spin echo R2 increased by a factor of 2.00 and 1.51, respectively, at 1.5 versus 3.0 T. MSE signals and their corresponding R2 depended strongly on LIC, interecho time, and field strength. Preliminary results showed that a nonmonoexponential model accurately characterizes the simulated MSE signals, and that strong correlations were found between predicted relaxation parameters and LIC. In conclusion, relaxivity-iron calibration is reproducible using the proposed Monte Carlo model. Furthermore, this model can be readily extended to other important applications, including predicting signal behavior for MSE imaging.
中文翻译：
肝铁过载中的弛豫-铁校准：蒙特卡洛模型的再现性和扩展
本研究的目的是使用 Monte Carlo 模型重现肝铁过载中的弛豫度-铁校准，并通过多自旋回波 (MSE) 成像进一步扩展该模型。如前所述，弛豫率（和单自旋回波 R 2) 和肝脏铁浓度 (LIC) 可以通过结合了真实肝脏结构、铁分布和质子迁移率的蒙特卡罗模型来表征。在这项研究中，使用 Monte Carlo 模型模拟了 1.5 和 3.0 T 的弛豫-铁校准曲线。此外，该模型通过 MSE 成像进行了扩展，并使用两种不同的拟合模型评估了铁校准：具有恒定偏移的单指数和非单指数。与以前的经验校准和蒙特卡罗预测一致的结果被准确地再现用于弛豫铁校准。在 1.5 对 3.0 T 时，预测的和单自旋回波 R 2 分别增加了 2.00 和 1.51 倍。MSE 信号及其相应的 R 2强烈依赖于 LIC、回波间时间和场强。初步结果表明，非单指数模型准确地表征了模拟的 MSE 信号，并且在预测的弛豫参数和 LIC 之间发现了强相关性。总之，使用所提出的蒙特卡洛模型，弛豫铁校准是可重现的。此外，该模型可以很容易地扩展到其他重要应用，包括预测 MSE 成像的信号行为。
更新日期：2021-08-30
and single spin echo R2) and liver iron concentration (LIC) can be characterized by a Monte Carlo model incorporating realistic liver structure, iron distribution, and proton mobility. In this study, relaxivity-iron calibration curves at 1.5 and 3.0 T were simulated using the Monte Carlo model. Furthermore, the model was extended with MSE imaging, and iron calibrations were evaluated using two different fitting models: mononexponential with a constant offset and nonmonoexponential. Results consistent with previous empirical calibrations and Monte Carlo predictions were accurately reproduced for relaxivity-iron calibration. The predicted and single spin echo R2 increased by a factor of 2.00 and 1.51, respectively, at 1.5 versus 3.0 T. MSE signals and their corresponding R2 depended strongly on LIC, interecho time, and field strength. Preliminary results showed that a nonmonoexponential model accurately characterizes the simulated MSE signals, and that strong correlations were found between predicted relaxation parameters and LIC. In conclusion, relaxivity-iron calibration is reproducible using the proposed Monte Carlo model. Furthermore, this model can be readily extended to other important applications, including predicting signal behavior for MSE imaging.
中文翻译：
肝铁过载中的弛豫-铁校准：蒙特卡洛模型的再现性和扩展
本研究的目的是使用 Monte Carlo 模型重现肝铁过载中的弛豫度-铁校准，并通过多自旋回波 (MSE) 成像进一步扩展该模型。如前所述，弛豫率（
和单自旋回波 R 2) 和肝脏铁浓度 (LIC) 可以通过结合了真实肝脏结构、铁分布和质子迁移率的蒙特卡罗模型来表征。在这项研究中，使用 Monte Carlo 模型模拟了 1.5 和 3.0 T 的弛豫-铁校准曲线。此外，该模型通过 MSE 成像进行了扩展，并使用两种不同的拟合模型评估了铁校准：具有恒定偏移的单指数和非单指数。与以前的经验校准和蒙特卡罗预测一致的结果被准确地再现用于弛豫铁校准。在 1.5 对 3.0 T 时，预测的和单自旋回波 R 2 分别增加了 2.00 和 1.51 倍。MSE 信号及其相应的 R 2强烈依赖于 LIC、回波间时间和场强。初步结果表明，非单指数模型准确地表征了模拟的 MSE 信号，并且在预测的弛豫参数和 LIC 之间发现了强相关性。总之，使用所提出的蒙特卡洛模型，弛豫铁校准是可重现的。此外，该模型可以很容易地扩展到其他重要应用，包括预测 MSE 成像的信号行为。
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