Tobacco use contributes to more mortality and morbidity globally than any other behavioral risk factor. Adverse effects do not spare the oral cavity, with many oral diseases more common, and treatments less successful, in the tobacco-using patient. Many of the oral health effects of cigarette smoking are well established, but other forms of tobacco, including cigars and smokeless tobacco, merit dental professionals' attention. Recently, an expanding variety of new or emerging tobacco and/or nicotine products has been brought to market, most prominently electronic cigarettes, but also including heated tobacco and other noncombustible nicotine products. The use of cannabis (marijuana) is increasing and also has risks for oral health and dental treatment. For the practicing periodontist, and all dental professionals, providing sound patient recommendations requires knowledge of the general and oral health implications associated with this wide range of tobacco and nicotine products and cannabis. This review provides an overview of selected tobacco and nicotine products with an emphasis on their implications for periodontal disease risk and clinical management. Also presented are strategies for tobacco use counselling and cessation support that dental professionals can implement in practice.

中文翻译：

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烟草和尼古丁产品对口腔和牙周的影响


与任何其他行为风险因素相比，烟草使用在全球范围内导致更高的死亡率和发病率。口腔也会受到不利影响，许多口腔疾病在吸烟患者中更为常见，而且治疗效果较差。吸烟对口腔健康的许多影响是众所周知的，但其他形式的烟草，包括雪茄和无烟烟草，值得牙科专业人士的关注。最近，越来越多的新型或新兴烟草和/或尼古丁产品已被推向市场，其中最突出的是电子烟，但也包括加热烟草和其他不可燃尼古丁产品。大麻的使用正在增加，并且对口腔健康和牙科治疗也存在风险。对于执业牙周病医生和所有牙科专业人员来说，为患者提供合理的建议需要了解与各种烟草和尼古丁产品以及大麻相关的一般和口腔健康影响。本综述对选定的烟草和尼古丁产品进行了概述，重点是它们对牙周病风险和临床管理的影响。还介绍了牙科专业人员可以在实践中实施的烟草使用咨询和戒烟支持策略。