This study examines the impact of remittances and information and communication technology (ICT) on pension at the country level. Our empirical evidence, based on data from 96 countries, indicate a significant non-linearity between remittances, ICT and pension income coverage. First, we find a convex relation between remittances and pension income coverage, indicating that increases in remittance, initially decreases pension income coverage, but as remittance increases beyond a certain point, so too does pension income coverage. This inflection point, where the effect of remittances turns from negative to positive, is estimated to be around 3.09% of GDP. Second, we document a concave relationship between ICT (i.e. mobile subscription and internet penetration) and pension income coverage. An increase in ICT results in increased pension income coverage. However, when ICT reaches a certain point, any further increase is associated with lower pension income coverage. The estimated optimal point is found to be around 140.14 subscriptions (per 100 people) for mobile phone and 27.93 (per 100 people) for internet penetration, respectively. Other implications are discussed.

本研究考察了汇款和信息通信技术（ICT）对国家层面养老金的影响。我们基于 96 个国家数据的实证证据表明，汇款、ICT 和养老金收入覆盖面之间存在显着的非线性关系。首先，我们发现汇款与养老金收入覆盖率之间存在凸关系，表明汇款增加，最初会降低养老金收入覆盖率，但随着汇款增加超过某个点，养老金收入覆盖率也会下降。这个拐点，汇款的影响从负面转为正面，估计约占 GDP 的 3.09%。其次，我们记录了 ICT（即移动订阅和互联网普及率）与养老金收入覆盖率之间的凹关系。信息通信技术的增加导致养老金收入覆盖范围扩大。然而，当信息通信技术达到一定程度时，任何进一步的增长都与较低的养老金收入覆盖面有关。发现估计的最佳点分别是手机的 140.14 订阅（每 100 人）和互联网普及率的 27.93（每 100 人）。讨论了其他影响。