The intestine is constantly exposed to foreign antigens, which are mostly innocuous but can sometimes be harmful. Therefore, the intestinal immune system has the delicate task of maintaining immune tolerance to harmless food antigens while inducing tailored immune responses to pathogens and regulating but tolerating the microbiota. Intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in these functions as sentinel cells able to prime and polarize the T cell responses. DCs are deployed throughout the intestinal mucosa but with local specializations along the gut length and between the diffuse effector sites of the gut lamina propria (LP) and the well-organized immune inductive sites comprising isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs), Peyer’s patches (PPs), and other species-specific gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs). Understanding the specificities of each intestinal DC subset, how environmental factors influence DC functions, and how these can be modulated is key to harnessing the therapeutic potential of mucosal adaptive immune responses, whether by enhancing the efficacy of mucosal vaccines or by increasing tolerogenic responses in inflammatory disorders. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to intestinal DCs in steady state and upon inflammation, with a special focus on their functional specializations, highly dependent on their microenvironment.

肠道不断暴露于外来抗原，这些抗原大多无害，但有时可能有害。因此，肠道免疫系统有一项微妙的任务，即维持对无害食物抗原的免疫耐受性，同时诱导针对病原体的定制免疫反应并调节但耐受微生物群。肠树突状细胞 (DC) 在这些功能中起着核心作用，作为能够启动和极化 T 细胞反应的前哨细胞。DC 分布于整个肠粘膜，但沿肠道长度以及肠道固有层 (LP) 的弥散效应部位和组织良好的免疫诱导部位（包括孤立的淋巴滤泡 (ILF)、淋巴集结 (PP)）具有局部特化和其他物种特异性肠道相关淋巴组织 (GALT)。了解每个肠道 DC 亚群的特异性、环境因素如何影响 DC 功能以及如何调节这些是利用粘膜适应性免疫反应治疗潜力的关键，无论是通过增强粘膜疫苗的功效还是通过增加炎症中的致耐受反应障碍。在这篇综述中，我们总结了与处于稳定状态和炎症的肠道 DC 相关的最新发现，特别关注它们的功能特化，高度依赖于它们的微环境。无论是通过增强粘膜疫苗的功效还是通过增加炎症性疾病的耐受性反应。在这篇综述中，我们总结了与处于稳定状态和炎症的肠道 DC 相关的最新发现，特别关注它们的功能特化，高度依赖于它们的微环境。无论是通过增强粘膜疫苗的功效还是通过增加炎症性疾病的耐受性反应。在这篇综述中，我们总结了与处于稳定状态和炎症的肠道 DC 相关的最新发现，特别关注它们的功能特化，高度依赖于它们的微环境。