Abstract: In recent years, Au-based nanomaterials are widely used in nanomedicine and biosensors due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, these applications require Au NPs to have excellent stability in different environments, such as extreme pH, high temperature, high concentration ions, and various biomatrix. To meet the requirement of multiple applications, many synthetic substances and natural products are used to prepare highly stable Au NPs. Because of this, we aim at offering an update comprehensive summary of preparation high stability Au NPs. In addition, we discuss its application in nanomedicine. The contents of this review are based on a balanced combination of our studies and selected research studies done by worldwide academic groups. First, we address some critical methods for preparing highly stable Au NPs using polymers, including heterocyclic substances, polyethylene glycols, amines, and thiol, then pay attention to natural product progress Au NPs. Then, we sum up the stability of various Au NPs in different stored times, ions solution, pH, temperature, and biomatrix. Finally, the application of Au NPs in nanomedicine, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, photothermal therapy (PTT), clinical diagnosis, nanozyme, and radiotherapy (RT), was addressed concentratedly.

Keywords: high stability Au NPs, polymer, natural product, resistance, nanomedicine


中文翻译：

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高稳定性金纳米粒子：从设计到纳米医学应用

摘要:近年来，金基纳米材料因其优异的物理化学性能而广泛应用于纳米医学和生物传感器等领域。然而，这些应用要求Au NPs在不同的环境中具有优异的稳定性，例如极端pH、高温、高浓度离子和各种生物基质。为了满足多种应用的要求，许多合成物质和天然产物被用来制备高度稳定的金纳米粒子。因此，我们的目标是提供制备高稳定性金纳米粒子的最新全面总结。此外，我们还讨论了其在纳米医学中的应用。本综述的内容基于我们的研究和世界各地学术团体所做的选定研究的平衡结合。首先，我们讨论了使用聚合物（包括杂环物质、聚乙二醇、胺和硫醇）制备高度稳定的金纳米粒子的一些关键方法，然后关注天然产物金纳米粒子的进展。然后，我们总结了各种Au NPs在不同储存时间、离子溶液、pH、温度和生物基质下的稳定性。最后，重点讨论了Au NPs在纳米医学领域的应用，如药物输送、生物成像、光热疗法（PTT）、临床诊断、纳米酶和放射治疗（RT）等。

关键词：高稳定性金纳米粒子，聚合物，天然产物，耐药性，纳米医学