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Evaluation of Gender Inequity in Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis: Differences by Sex in US Thyroid Cancer Incidence Compared With a Meta-analysis of Subclinical Thyroid Cancer Rates at Autopsy.
JAMA Internal Medicine ( IF 22.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-10-01 , DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4804
Karissa LeClair 1 , Katy J L Bell 2 , Luis Furuya-Kanamori 3 , Suhail A Doi 4 , David O Francis 5 , Louise Davies 6, 7, 8
Affiliation  

Importance Thyroid cancer is more common in women than in men, but the associated causes of these differences are not fully understood. Objective To compare sex-specific thyroid cancer rates in the US to the prevalence of subclinical thyroid cancer at autopsy. Data Sources Data on thyroid cancer incidence and mortality by sex among US adults (≥18 years) were extracted from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) data for 1975 to 2017. Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched for studies on the prevalence of subclinical thyroid cancer at autopsy of men and women, from inception to May 31, 2021. Study Selection The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline was used to perform a systematic search for articles reporting the prevalence of subclinical thyroid cancer in autopsy results of both women and men. Of 101 studies identified, 8 studies containing 12 data sets met inclusion criteria; ie, they examined the whole thyroid gland, stated the number of thyroids examined, and reported results by sex. Excluded studies reported thyroid cancer in Japan after the atomic bombs or Chernobyl after the nuclear disaster; did not examine the whole thyroid gland or had incomplete information on thyroid examination methods; or did not report rates by sex. Data Extraction and Synthesis Thyroid cancer incidence and mortality data by sex, histologic type, and tumor size were extracted from SEER. The inverse variance heterogeneity model was used to meta-analyze the prevalence and the odds ratio of subclinical thyroid cancer by sex from 8 studies (12 data sets) on thyroid cancer prevalence in autopsy results. Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer, by histologic type and tumor size; prevalence of thyroid cancer in autopsy results. Results In 2017, 90% of thyroid cancers diagnosed were papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and in 2013 to 2017, the women to men incidence ratio for small (≤2 cm) PTC was 4.39:1. The incidence ratio approached 1:1 as cancer type lethality increased. The ratio of thyroid cancer mortality by gender was 1.02:1 and remained stable from 1992 to 2017. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the pooled autopsy prevalence of subclinical PTC was 14% in women (95% CI, 8%-20%) and 11% in men (95% CI, 5%-18%). The pooled odds ratio of subclinical PTC in women compared with men was 1.07 (95% CI, 0.80-1.42). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study and meta-analysis found that the belief that women get thyroid cancer more often than men is an oversimplification. The gender disparity is mostly confined to the detection of small subclinical PTCs, which are equally common in both sexes at autopsy but identified during life much more often in women than men. As the lethality of the cancer type increases, the ratio of detection by gender approaches 1:1. This phenomenon may be associated with gender differences in health care utilization and patterns of clinical thinking and can harm both women, who are subject to overdetection, and men, who may be at risk of underdetection.

中文翻译:

甲状腺癌诊断中性别不平等的评估:美国甲状腺癌发病率的性别差异与尸检时亚临床甲状腺癌发病率的荟萃分析比较。

重要性 甲状腺癌在女性中比男性更常见,但这些差异的相关原因尚不完全清楚。目的比较美国性别特异性甲状腺癌的发病率与尸检时亚临床甲状腺癌的患病率。数据来源 美国成年人(≥18 岁)中按性别划分的甲状腺癌发病率和死亡率数据来自美国国家癌症研究所 1975 年至 2017 年的监测、流行病学和最终结果计划 (SEER) 数据。Embase、PubMed 和 Web of在科学数据库中搜索了关于从开始到 2021 年 5 月 31 日进行的男性和女性尸检时亚临床甲状腺癌患病率的研究。研究选择 系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 (PRISMA) 报告指南用于系统搜索报告女性和男性尸检结果中亚临床甲状腺癌患病率的文章。在确定的 101 项研究中,包含 12 个数据集的 8 项研究符合纳入标准;即,他们检查了整个甲状腺,说明了检查的甲状腺数量,并按性别报告了结果。排除的研究报告了日本在原子弹爆炸后或切尔诺贝利核灾难后发生甲状腺癌;没有检查整个甲状腺或甲状腺检查方法信息不完整;或未按性别报告率。数据提取和合成 从 SEER 中提取按性别、组织学类型和肿瘤大小划分的甲状腺癌发病率和死亡率数据。使用逆方差异质性模型对尸检结果中甲状腺癌患病率的 8 项研究(12 个数据集)按性别分列的亚临床甲状腺癌患病率和优势比进行荟萃分析。主要结果和措施 甲状腺癌的发病率和死亡率,按组织学类型和肿瘤大小划分;尸检结果中甲状腺癌的患病率。结果 2017年90%的甲状腺癌确诊为乳头状甲状腺癌(PTC),2013-2017年小(≤2 cm)PTC的男女发病率为4.39:1。随着癌症类型致死率的增加,发病率接近 1:1。按性别划分的甲状腺癌死亡率为 1.02:1,从 1992 年到 2017 年保持稳定。荟萃分析结果显示,女性亚临床 PTC 的汇总尸检患病率为 14%(95% CI,8%-20%)和男性 11%(95% CI,5%-18%)。与男性相比,女性亚临床 PTC 的汇总优势比为 1.07(95% CI,0.80-1.42)。结论和相关性 这项队列研究和荟萃分析发现,认为女性比男性更容易患甲状腺癌的观点过于简单化了。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。与男性相比,女性亚临床 PTC 的汇总优势比为 1.07(95% CI,0.80-1.42)。结论和相关性 这项队列研究和荟萃分析发现,认为女性比男性更容易患甲状腺癌的观点过于简单化了。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。与男性相比,女性亚临床 PTC 的汇总优势比为 1.07(95% CI,0.80-1.42)。结论和相关性 这项队列研究和荟萃分析发现,认为女性比男性更容易患甲状腺癌的观点过于简单化了。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。结论和相关性 这项队列研究和荟萃分析发现,认为女性比男性更容易患甲状腺癌的观点过于简单化了。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。结论和相关性 这项队列研究和荟萃分析发现,认为女性比男性更容易患甲状腺癌的观点过于简单化了。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。性别差异主要局限于发现小的亚临床 PTC,尸检时两性同样常见,但在生活中女性比男性更常见。随着癌症类型的致死率增加,按性别检测的比率接近 1:1。这种现象可能与医疗保健利用和临床思维模式中的性别差异有关,并且可能伤害被过度检测的女性和可能被检测不足的男性。
更新日期:2021-08-30
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