A growing literature has shown associations between socioeconomic disadvantage and neural properties (such as brain structure and function). In this review, we aimed to synthesize findings on the neural correlates of socioeconomic status (SES) in youth samples across neuroimaging modalities. We also aimed to disentangle the effects of different SES measures (e.g., parent income and education) in our synthesis. We found relatively consistent patterns of positive associations between SES and both volume and cortical surface area of frontal regions, and amygdala, hippocampal, and striatal volume (with most consistent results for composite SES indices). Despite limited longitudinal work, results suggest that SES is associated with developmental trajectories of gray matter structure. Higher SES was also found to be associated with increased fractional anisotropy of some white matter tracts, although there were more null than positive findings. Finally, methodological heterogeneity in brain function and connectivity studies prevented us from making strong inferences. Based on our findings, we make recommendations for future research, discuss the role of mitigating factors, and implications for policy.

越来越多的文献表明社会经济劣势与神经特性（例如大脑结构和功能）之间存在关联。在这篇综述中，我们旨在综合神经影像学模式中青年样本中社会经济地位 (SES) 的神经相关性的发现。我们还旨在在我们的综合中理清不同 SES 措施（例如，父母收入和教育）的影响。我们发现 SES 与额叶区域的体积和皮质表面积以及杏仁核、海马和纹状体体积之间存在相对一致的正相关模式（复合 SES 指数的结果最一致）。尽管纵向工作有限，但结果表明 SES 与灰质结构的发育轨迹有关。还发现较高的 SES 与某些白质束的各向异性分数增加有关，尽管无效结果多于阳性结果。最后，大脑功能和连通性研究的方法异质性使我们无法做出强有力的推论。根据我们的发现，我们为未来的研究提出建议，讨论缓解因素的作用以及对政策的影响。