In this study, we analyze the diet of forager–horticulturalist societies of southeast South America through different isotopic markers (δ¹³C_collagen, δ¹³C_apatite, and δ¹⁵N). The economy of these populations was based on hunting, fishing, gathering, and, to a greater or lesser extent, horticulture, showing a different emphasis on each one of these options. The samples analyzed here were recovered from different environments, including the Atlantic coast, the highlands of the Brazilian plateau, and the lowland forests of the upper valleys of the Uruguay and Paraná rivers, within a general east–west sampling transect. Most of the samples correspond to individuals recovered from the Guarani and Itararé-Taquara archeological units. We have also included a smaller sample of foragers clustered in the so-called Vieira Tradition, perhaps with some food production, and two individuals buried in shell mounds (“sambaquis”) of the south Brazilian Atlantic coast (“Coastal Tradition”), whose economy was strongly based on marine resources and wild plants. The results indicate that, regardless of the archeological unit in question, the individuals recovered from the seashore settlements show a diet based mostly on marine protein, with a minor contribution of other resources, except in a Guarani sample, where a significant intake of maize is observed. The individuals recovered in the highlands of the Brazilian plateau (“Itararé-Taquara”) present the highest incidence of plant consumption of the entire sample analyzed, within a C₃ monoisotopic pattern, probably strongly influenced by the consumption of the araucaria pine nut, and no isotopic signals related to maize intake. Guarani samples recovered from sites located in tropical forests in the interior of the continent show an unquestionable and systematic impact of maize on the diet, in addition to an important consumption of C₃ animal proteins. The individuals assigned to the so-called Vieira Tradition show a diet based on C₃ protein and both C₃ and C₄ lipids and carbohydrates. The latter could be related to a small consumption of maize. These results demonstrate the multidirectionality of subsistence strategies in southeastern South America during the late Holocene.

中文翻译：

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从大西洋沿岸到低地森林：巴西南部觅食园艺家饮食的稳定同位素分析

在这项研究中，我们通过不同的同位素标记（δ ¹³ C_胶原蛋白、δ ¹³ C_磷灰石和 δ ¹⁵N)。这些人口的经济以狩猎、捕鱼、采集以及或多或少的园艺为基础，对这些选择中的每一种都表现出不同的重视。这里分析的样本是从不同的环境中回收的，包括大西洋沿岸、巴西高原的高地，以及乌拉圭河和巴拉那河上游山谷的低地森林，在一般的东西向取样样带内。大多数样本对应于从瓜拉尼和伊塔拉雷-塔夸拉考古单位发现的个体。我们还包括了一小部分聚集在所谓的维埃拉传统中的觅食者样本，可能有一些粮食生产，以及两个埋在巴西大西洋南部海岸（“沿海传统”）贝丘（“sambaquis”）中的个体，其经济在很大程度上依赖于海洋资源和野生植物。结果表明，无论所讨论的考古单位如何，从海滨定居点发现的个体都表现出主要基于海洋蛋白质的饮食，其他资源的贡献很小，除了在瓜拉尼样本中，其中大量摄入玉米是观测到的。在巴西高原高地（“Itararé-Taquara”）回收的个体在整个分析样本中的植物消耗发生率最高，在 C 范围内 观察到大量摄入玉米的地方。在巴西高原高地（“Itararé-Taquara”）回收的个体在整个分析样本中的植物消耗发生率最高，在 C 范围内 观察到大量摄入玉米的地方。在巴西高原高地（“Itararé-Taquara”）回收的个体在整个分析样本中的植物消耗发生率最高，在 C 范围内₃单同位素模式，可能受到南洋杉松子食用量的强烈影响，并且没有与玉米摄入量相关的同位素信号。从位于非洲大陆内部热带森林的地点回收的瓜拉尼样本显示，除了对 C ₃动物蛋白的重要消耗外，玉米对饮食产生了不容置疑的系统性影响。被分配到所谓的 Vieira Tradition 的个体展示了基于 C ₃蛋白质以及 C ₃和 C ₄脂质和碳水化合物的饮食。后者可能与少量玉米消费有关。这些结果证明了晚全新世南美洲东南部生存策略的多向性。