Determining population growth across large scales is difficult because it is often impractical to collect data at large scales and over long timespans. Instead, the growth of a population is often only measured at a small, plot-level scale and then extrapolated to derive a mean field estimate. However, this approach is prone to error since it simplifies spatial processes such as the neighbourhood effects of density and dispersal. We present a novel approach that estimates how spatial processes derived from the effects of density and dispersal affect population growth between plot scales and landscape scales. The method is based on a scale transition theory and calculates a transition term to measure the spatial scaling of population growth, which we extend to unstable, expanding populations in order to assess whether landscape-scale population dynamics are different from those estimated at smaller spatial scales. We illustrate this approach using aerial imagery of eight locations in New Zealand experiencing non-native pine invasions. Analyses examined the dynamics at a plot scale (1 ha) and compared this to estimates across entire landscapes (between 24 and 1600 ha), in several cases for more than one time period. We used a Bayesian spatial random effects model to examine population growth and to account for neighbourhood effects and dispersal between plots in a rapidly changing system.

中文翻译：

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密度依赖性和空间异质性限制了景观尺度入侵松树的种群增长率

确定大规模的人口增长很困难，因为大规模和长时间收集数据通常是不切实际的。取而代之的是，种群的增长通常只在一个小的地块级尺度上进行测量，然后外推得出平均场估计值。然而，这种方法容易出错，因为它简化了空间过程，例如密度和分散的邻域效应。我们提出了一种新方法，可以估计由密度和分散效应衍生的空间过程如何影响地块尺度和景观尺度之间的人口增长。该方法基于尺度转换理论并计算一个转换项来衡量人口增长的空间尺度，我们将其扩展到不稳定的、扩大人口以评估景观尺度的人口动态是否与在较小空间尺度上估计的不同。我们使用新西兰八个经历非本地松树入侵的地点的航拍图像来说明这种方法。分析检查了地块规模（1 公顷）的动态，并将其与整个景观（24 至 1600 公顷之间）的估计值进行了比较，在一些情况下超过一个时间段。我们使用贝叶斯空间随机效应模型来检查人口增长并解释快速变化系统中地块之间的邻域效应和分散。分析检查了地块规模（1 公顷）的动态，并将其与整个景观（24 至 1600 公顷之间）的估计值进行了比较，在一些情况下超过一个时间段。我们使用贝叶斯空间随机效应模型来检查人口增长并解释快速变化系统中地块之间的邻域效应和分散。分析检查了地块规模（1 公顷）的动态，并将其与整个景观（24 至 1600 公顷之间）的估计值进行了比较，在一些情况下超过一个时间段。我们使用贝叶斯空间随机效应模型来检查人口增长并解释快速变化系统中地块之间的邻域效应和分散。