The application of biological nanoparticles (NPs) can be considered as a way to overcome the problem of antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi. This study takes a new approach to biosynthesized NPs influence on the expression of CYP51A and HSP90 antifungal resistance genes in Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus, and comparison with antifungal agents. Selenium NPs (Se-NPs) were biosynthesized using Aspergillus strains and their production was proved by several methods including, UV–Vis, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDX techniques. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Aspergillus strains were determined using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution method. The differences in expression levels of CYP51A and HSP90 genes were examined between untreated and treated of A. fumigatus and A. flavus using itraconazole and amphotericin B and biosynthesized Se-NPs through real-time PCR. After confirming the results of NPs synthesis, the MIC of itraconazole and amphotericin B against A. fumigatus and A. flavus was 4 μg/ml. Based on the real-time PCR results, the obtained ∆∆CTs for these strains were −0.18, −1.46, and −1.14. Whereas the MIC values for treated samples with Se-NPs have decreased to 0.5 μg/ml, and the ∆∆CTs for these were −0.25, −1.76, and −1.68. The expression of CYP51A and HSP90 genes was significantly down-regulated through the use of Se-NPs against A. fumigatus and A. flavus.

中文翻译：

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生物合成硒纳米粒子对烟曲霉和黄曲霉CYP51A和HSP90抗真菌基因表达的影响

生物纳米粒子（NPs）的应用可以被认为是克服病原真菌抗真菌耐药性问题的一种方法。本研究采用新的方法研究生物合成的NPs对烟曲霉和黄曲霉中CYP51A和HSP90抗真菌基因表达的影响，并与抗真菌药物进行比较。使用曲霉菌株生物合成硒纳米粒子 (Se-NPs)，并通过几种方法证明了它们的生产，包括 UV-Vis、XRD、FTIR、FESEM 和 EDX 技术。使用 CLSI M38 测定曲霉菌株的最低抑菌浓度 (MIC) -A2肉汤微量稀释法。CYP51A和HSP90基因表达水平的差异在未处理和处理过的烟曲霉和黄曲霉之间使用伊曲康唑和两性霉素 B 以及通过实时 PCR 生物合成的 Se-NPs 进行了检测。确认NPs合成结果后，伊曲康唑和两性霉素B对烟曲霉和黄曲霉的MIC为4μg /ml。根据实时 PCR 结果，获得的这些菌株的 ΔΔCT 分别为 -0.18、-1.46 和 -1.14。而用 Se-NPs 处理的样品的 MIC 值已降至 0.5 μg/ml，而这些样品的 ΔΔCT 为 -0.25、-1.76 和 -1.68。CYP51A的表达和通过使用针对烟曲霉和黄曲霉的 Se-NPs， HSP90基因显着下调。