Volatile pyrethroids (VPs) are proven to reduce human–vector contact for mosquito vectors. With increasing resistance to pyrethroids in mosquitoes, the efficacy of VPs, such as transfluthrin, may be compromised. Therefore, experiments were conducted to determine if the efficacy of transfluthrin eave-positioned targeted insecticide (EPTI) depends on the resistance status of malaria vectors. Ribbons treated with 5.25 g transfluthrin or untreated controls were used around the eaves of an experimental hut as EPTI inside a semi-field system. Mosquito strains with different levels of pyrethroid resistance were released simultaneously, recaptured by means of human landing catches (HLCs) and monitored for 24-h mortality. Technical-grade (TG) transfluthrin was used, followed by emulsifiable concentrate (EC) transfluthrin and additional mosquito strains. Generalized linear mixed models with binomial distribution were used to determine the impact of transfluthrin and mosquito strain on mosquito landing rates and 24-h mortality. EPTI treated with 5.25 g of either TG or EC transfluthrin significantly reduced HLR of all susceptible and resistant Anopheles mosquitoes (Odds Ratio (OR) ranging from 0.14 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) [0.11–0.17], P < 0.001) to 0.57, (CI [0.42–0.78] P < 0.001). Both TG and EC EPTI had less impact on landing for the resistant Anopheles arabiensis (Mbita strain) compared to the susceptible Anopheles gambiae (Ifakara strain) (OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.18–1.91] P < 0.001) and (OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.29–2.17] P < 0.001), respectively. The EC EPTI also had less impact on the resistant An. arabiensis (Kingani strain) (OR 2.29 [95% CI 1.78–2.94] P < 0.001) compared to the control however the TG EPTI was equally effective against the resistant Kingani strain and susceptible Ifakara strain (OR 1.03 [95% CI 0.82–1.32] P = 0.75). Finally the EC EPTI was equally effective against the susceptible An. gambiae (Kisumu strain) and the resistant An. gambiae (Kisumu-kdr strain) (OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.74–1.30] P = 0.90). Transfluthrin-treated EPTI could be useful in areas with pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, but it remains unclear whether stronger resistance to pyrethroids will undermine the efficacy of transfluthrin. At this dosage, transfluthrin EPTI cannot be used to kill exposed mosquitoes.

中文翻译：

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Transfluthrin 屋檐定位的靶向杀虫剂 (EPTI) 降低了拟除虫菊酯抗性和易感疟疾载体在半场模拟围产空间中的人类着陆率 (HLR)

挥发性拟除虫菊酯 (VPs) 已被证明可以减少蚊子媒介的人与媒介接触。随着蚊子对拟除虫菊酯的抵抗力增加，VPs（如四氟菊酯）的功效可能会受到影响。因此，进行了实验以确定四氟菊酯屋檐定位的靶向杀虫剂 (EPTI) 的功效是否取决于疟疾载体的抗药性状态。用 5.25 克四氟苯菊酯处理过的色带或未经处理的对照物被用在实验小屋的屋檐周围，作为半场系统内的 EPTI。具有不同拟除虫菊酯抗性水平的蚊子品系被同时释放，通过人类着陆捕获物 (HLC) 重新捕获并监测 24 小时死亡率。使用了工业级 (TG) transfluthrin，其次是乳油 (EC) transfluthrin 和其他蚊子菌株。使用二项式分布的广义线性混合模型来确定四氟苯菊酯和蚊子品系对蚊子着陆率和 24 小时死亡率的影响。用 5.25 g TG 或 EC transfluthrin 处理的 EPTI 显着降低所有易感和抗性按蚊的 HLR（优势比 (OR) 范围为 0.14（95% 置信区间 (CI) [0.11–0.17]，P < 0.001）至 0.57 , (CI [0.42–0.78] P < 0.001). 与易感冈比亚按蚊（Ifakara 菌株）相比，TG 和 EC EPTI 对抗性阿拉伯按蚊（Mbita 菌株）的着陆影响较小（OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.18） –1.91] P < 0.001) 和 (OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.29–2.17] P < 0.001)，分别。EC EPTI 对抗性阿拉伯按蚊（Kingani 菌株）的影响也较小（OR 2.29 [95% CI] 1.78–2.94] P < 0。001）与对照相比，TG EPTI 对抗性 Kingani 菌株和易感 Ifakara 菌株同样有效（OR 1.03 [95% CI 0.82–1.32] P = 0.75）。最后，EC EPTI 对易感 An 也同样有效。冈比亚（Kisumu 株）和抗性 An. 冈比亚（Kisumu-kdr 菌株）（OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.74–1.30] P = 0.90）。Transfluthrin 处理的 EPTI 可能在有拟除虫菊酯抗性蚊子的地区有用，但尚不清楚对拟除虫菊酯的更强抗性是否会削弱 Transfluthrin 的功效。在此剂量下，四氟苯菊酯 EPTI 不能用于杀死暴露的蚊子。冈比亚（Kisumu 株）和抗性 An. 冈比亚（Kisumu-kdr 菌株）（OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.74–1.30] P = 0.90）。Transfluthrin 处理的 EPTI 可能在有拟除虫菊酯抗性蚊子的地区有用，但目前尚不清楚对拟除虫菊酯的更强抗性是否会削弱 Transfluthrin 的功效。在此剂量下，四氟苯菊酯 EPTI 不能用于杀死暴露的蚊子。冈比亚（Kisumu 株）和抗性 An. 冈比亚（Kisumu-kdr 菌株）（OR 0.98 [95% CI 0.74–1.30] P = 0.90）。Transfluthrin 处理的 EPTI 可能在有拟除虫菊酯抗性蚊子的地区有用，但尚不清楚对拟除虫菊酯的更强抗性是否会削弱 Transfluthrin 的功效。在此剂量下，四氟苯菊酯 EPTI 不能用于杀死暴露的蚊子。