Genotypes developed for a particular mega-environment or management condition may not suit different management or specific local environments. Planting earlier than the recommended planting time is currently a new avenue to improve genotypic performance, supporting horizontal yield increases in the region when winter is shortening. In India, wheat growers are looking at early planting because it can use residual soil moisture from monsoons and escape terminal heat stress. A best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)-based multi-environmental stability analysis was conducted on three sets of genotypes across three consecutive years (2017, 2018, and 2019) under early and timely planting dates to identify genotypes for further breeding. A number of traits were studied: phenological (early ground cover, days to booting [DTB], days to heading, days to maturity [DAYSMT], boosting to heading days [BTH], and grain filling duration [GFD]), plant stature (plant height, height up to spike base, and spike length [SpkLng]), flag leaf (flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and flag leaf area [FLGLFA]), and yield traits (thousand grain weight [TGW] and grain yield). A significant genotypic effect was observed for all traits in the single environment analysis. A genotype–environment interaction (GEI) was observed in the mixed-effect model, except for FLGLFA in Season 2 and SpkLng in Season 3. Residual components of variation were found to increase under early planting for all studied traits due to exposure of genotypes to early heat and a prolonged growing period. A higher GEI was observed in dissected phenological events such as BTH and GFD. Among phenological traits, it was found that DTB, GFD, and DAYSMT were strongly supporting selection gain throughout all seasons under early planting. The genotypes with a more extended vegetative period and grain filling period tended to have higher grain yield and TGW under early planting.

中文翻译：

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适应早期播种条件的面包小麦理想型的多性状选择

为特定的大环境或管理条件开发的基因型可能不适合不同的管理或特定的本地环境。早于推荐种植时间种植是目前改善基因型性能的新途径，支持该地区在冬季缩短时横向增产。在印度，小麦种植者正在考虑早期种植，因为它可以利用季风残留的土壤水分并避免终端热应激。在早期和及时​​的种植日期下，对连续三年（2017 年、2018 年和 2019 年）的三组基因型进行了基于最佳线性无偏预测 (BLUP) 的多环境稳定性分析，以确定用于进一步育种的基因型。研究了许多性状：物候（早期地被、孕穗天数 [DTB]、抽穗天数、成熟天数 [DAYSMT]、抽穗天数 [BTH] 和灌浆持续时间 [GFD]）、株高（株高、到穗基的高度和穗长 [SpkLng]）、旗叶（旗叶长度、旗叶宽度和旗叶面积 [FLGLFA]）和产量性状（千粒重 [TGW] 和籽粒产量）。在单一环境分析中观察到所有性状的显着基因型效应。在混合效应模型中观察到基因型-环境相互作用 (GEI)，除了第 2 季的 FLGLFA 和第 3 季的 SpkLng。发现由于基因型暴露于所有研究性状的早期种植，变异的残留成分增加早热，生长期长。在 BTH 和 GFD 等解剖物候事件中观察到更高的 GEI。在物候性状中，发现 DTB、GFD、和 DAYSMT 在早期种植的所有季节都强烈支持选择增益。生长期和灌浆期越长的基因型在早播下往往具有更高的产量和TGW。