A 2-yr field experiment was conducted to investigate the quality, agronomic, and economic performance of controlled-release urea application in wheat (Triticum aestivum) production via five treatments: F1, a single application of mixed nitrogen (N) fertilizer (composed of 65% N from controlled-release urea with 35% N from common urea); F2, basal application of mixed N fertilizer and topdressing of mixed N fertilizer at jointing; F3, basal application of mixed N fertilizer and topdressing of common urea at jointing; CU, spilt application of common urea as basal fertilizer and at jointing; N0, no N fertilization. The results showed that treatment F2 produced significantly higher grain yield than treatments F1, F3, and CU. The N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N partial factor productivity of treatment F2 were significantly higher than treatments F1, F3, and CU. The higher grain yield and efficiency of N use of treatment F2 were due to the better canopy structure (longer and more erect top-three leaves) and the higher biomass production, higher N accumulation, and higher net photosynthetic rate during anthesis to maturity. The treatment F2 resulted in significantly higher protein and wet gluten content, and significantly lower starch content than treatment CU. The net profit under treatment F2 was higher than treatments F1, F3, and CU. In conclusion, the application of a mixture of controlled-release urea and common urea could be a promising alternative application method for N fertilizer to obtain sustainable increases in grain yield, efficiency of N use, economic profit, and improve wheat quality.

中文翻译：

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控释尿素和普通尿素混合物的分批应用在小麦生产中改善品质和农艺经济性能

一项为期 2 年的田间试验研究了控释尿素在小麦（Triticum aestivum) 五个处理的产量：F1，单次施用混合氮 (N) 肥料（由 65% 的控释尿素氮和 35% 的普通尿素组成）；F2、基施混合氮肥，拔节追施混合氮肥；F3、拔节时基施混合氮肥并追施普通尿素；CU，普通尿素作为基肥和拔节的洒施；N0，不施氮肥。结果表明，F2 处理的籽粒产量显着高于 F1、F3 和 CU 处理。F2处理的N回收效率、N农艺效率和N分要素生产率显着高于F1、F3和CU处理。处理 F2 的更高的谷物产量和氮利用效率是由于更好的冠层结构（更长和更直立的前三片叶子）和更高的生物量产量、更高的氮积累和更高的开花至成熟期间的净光合速率。与处理 CU 相比，处理 F2 导致蛋白质和湿面筋含量显着更高，淀粉含量显着降低。处理 F2 下的净利润高于处理 F1、F3 和 CU。综上所述，控释尿素与普通尿素混合施用可能是一种有前景的氮肥替代施用方法，可实现粮食产量、氮肥利用效率、经济效益和小麦品质的可持续增加。花期至成熟期的净光合速率较高。与处理 CU 相比，处理 F2 导致蛋白质和湿面筋含量显着更高，淀粉含量显着降低。处理 F2 下的净利润高于处理 F1、F3 和 CU。综上所述，控释尿素与普通尿素混合施用可能是一种有前景的氮肥替代施用方法，可实现粮食产量、氮肥利用效率、经济效益和小麦品质的可持续增加。花期至成熟期的净光合速率较高。与处理 CU 相比，处理 F2 导致蛋白质和湿面筋含量显着更高，淀粉含量显着降低。处理 F2 下的净利润高于处理 F1、F3 和 CU。综上所述，控释尿素与普通尿素混合施用可能是一种有前景的氮肥替代施用方法，可实现粮食产量、氮肥利用效率、经济效益和小麦品质的可持续增加。