The tribe Tomarini is represented by the sole genus Tomares, comprising about eight species distributed from the western Mediterranean to Central Asia. We carried out a multilocus phylogenetic and a biogeographical analysis to test the taxonomy of the genus by several molecular species delimitation methods and reveal patterns shaping the current distribution of Tomares. The phylogenetic analysis based on four molecular markers recovered the monophyly of the genus and recovered two deep-branching lineages: an African clade and an Asian clade. Species delimitation analyses suggested six or ten putative species depending on the method applied. The haplotype network analysis of the Tomares nogelii clade revealed no phylogeographical and taxonomic structure. We consider the taxon Tomares nesimachus (syn. nov.) a synonym of T. nogelii and reinstate Tomares callimachus dentata stat. rev. for populations from south-eastern Turkey. Tomares originated between the early Oligocene and the early Miocene, most probably in south-west Asia. The split of the most recent common ancestor of Tomares occurred between the middle-late Miocene and middle-late Pliocene, probably as a response to increasing aridification and habitat fragmentation. Differentiation of the Asian clade took place in south-west Asia during the Pliocene and Pleistocene and coincided temporally with the evolution of Tomares host plants of the genus Astragalus (Fabaceae).

中文翻译：

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地方性古北部落托马里尼（鳞翅目：狼科）的系统发育、物种划分和生物地理学

Tomarini 部落以唯一的 Tomares 属为代表，包括从地中海西部到中亚分布的大约 8 个物种。我们进行了多位点系统发育和生物地理学分析，以通过几种分子物种划界方法测试该属的分类，并揭示塑造 Tomares 当前分布的模式。基于四个分子标记的系统发育分析恢复了该属的单一系并恢复了两个深分支谱系：非洲进化枝和亚洲进化枝。根据所应用的方法，物种划界分析提出了六个或十个推定的物种。Tomares nogelii 进化枝的单倍型网络分析显示没有系统地理和分类结构。我们认为分类群 Tomares nesimachus (syn. nov.) 是 T.的同义词。nogelii 并恢复 Tomares callimachus dentata 统计。转。来自土耳其东南部的人口。Tomares 起源于早渐新世和早中新世之间，最有可能在西南亚。Tomares 的最新共同祖先的分裂发生在中新世中晚期和上新世中晚期之间，可能是对干旱化和栖息地破碎化的反应。亚洲进化枝的分化发生在上新世和更新世的西南亚，并且与黄芪属（豆科）寄主植物的进化时间一致。Tomares 的最新共同祖先的分裂发生在中新世中晚期和上新世中晚期之间，可能是对干旱化和栖息地破碎化的反应。亚洲进化枝的分化发生在上新世和更新世的西南亚，并且与黄芪属（豆科）寄主植物的进化时间一致。Tomares 的最新共同祖先的分裂发生在中新世中晚期和上新世中晚期之间，可能是对干旱化和栖息地破碎化的反应。亚洲进化枝的分化发生在上新世和更新世的西南亚，并且与黄芪属（豆科）寄主植物的进化时间一致。