The present study focuses on the impacts of annealing temperature in different ambiances on the morphological behavior and thin-film quality of CZTS nanoparticles. CZTS nanoparticles have been synthesized via the hot-injection colloidal route method. CZTS nanoparticles have been annealed in air, vacuum atmosphere, and sulphur environment (N₂ + H₂S(5%), respectively at 450 °C for 30 min. The structural, morphological, compositional, and optical properties of all CZTS thin films were analyzed. The volume fraction is increased in the vacuum annealed thin film keeping crystallite size as same as in the as-deposited film. This results in a reduction of cracks and voids and thus the surface defects of the vacuum annealed thin film as confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). AFM also confirms the improved quality of CZTS thin film annealed in a vacuum. PL curves also confirm the minimum defects in the case of vacuum-annealed thin films. Thus, the study reveals that the best quality CZTS thin films i.e. films with the least pinholes, cracks, and voids without any significant change from the initial conditions can be obtained after annealing in the vacuum environment.

本研究的重点是不同环境下的退火温度对 CZTS 纳米粒子的形态行为和薄膜质量的影响。CZTS 纳米粒子已通过热注射胶体途径合成。CZTS纳米粒子已经在空气、真空气氛和硫环境（N ₂  + H ₂S(5%)，分别在 450 °C 下保持 30 分钟。分析了所有 CZTS 薄膜的结构、形态、成分和光学特性。真空退火薄膜的体积分数增加，保持微晶尺寸与沉积膜中的相同。这导致裂纹和空隙减少，从而减少了真空退火薄膜的表面缺陷，如扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 所证实的。AFM 还证实了在真空中退火的 CZTS 薄膜质量的提高。PL 曲线也证实了真空退火薄膜的最小缺陷。因此，研究表明，在真空环境中退火后，可以获得质量最好的 CZTS 薄膜，即具有最少针孔、裂纹和空隙且与初始条件没有任何显着变化的薄膜。