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A column generation tailored to electric vehicle routing problem with nonlinear battery depreciation
Computers & Operations Research ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cor.2021.105527
Yongsen Zang 1, 2 , Meiqin Wang 1, 2 , Mingyao Qi 2
Affiliation  

Since the battery remains a significant cost component of electric vehicles (EVs), controlling the depreciation costs of EVs’ batteries is of great importance, especially from the perspective of the electric vehicle routing problem (EVRP). However, most existing studies on the EVRP have not explicitly considered the battery depreciation in the cost function; instead, it has been treated as a linear function of an EV’s travel distance or time. In fact, the depth-of-discharge (DOD) significantly affects the battery life and leads to a naturally nonlinear depreciation function, which can be used to calculate the battery life more accurately. In this paper, we adopt three battery depreciation methods to investigate and compare their influences on the EVRP with time windows (EVRPTW): (1) a nonlinear function of DOD; (2) a linear function of charge–discharge cycles; and (3) a linear function of total traveling distance. The first method is mainly studied, and the remaining two methods are verified as comparative analyses. Meanwhile, both full and partial charge policies are considered to formulate the problem. By combining the charging policies and battery depreciation methods, four mixed-integer programming models are formulated, aiming to minimize the total cost. To pursue exact solutions in acceptable computing time, a column generation algorithm (CG) that relies on four tailored labeling algorithms (LAs) is designed. The LAs are used to accelerate the calculation speed of the pricing problem. The most considerable difficulty of solving pricing problems lies in the complex endogenous relationships among recharging time, drivers’ waiting time, battery state-of-charge (SOC), battery depreciation, battery rated capacity, and driving distance. The LAs need to find a tradeoff among them and generate the shortest paths. Given this, we design specific and elaborate resource extension functions (REFs) for the four models, respectively, which is an extension to Desaulniers et al. (2016). Although the REFs are intricate, they work well with the help of dominance rules. Benchmark instances are performed to verify the efficiencies of the CG and LAs, which shows that instances with 25-nodes are solvable. In computational studies, we find that models considering the DOD can increase the battery life and decrease the total cost by 9%–10%. Moreover, several insights for better management of EV fleets are obtained.



中文翻译:

针对具有非线性电池折旧的电动汽车路径问题的列生成

由于电池仍然是电动汽车 (EV) 的重要成本组成部分,因此控制 EV 电池的折旧成本非常重要,尤其是从电动汽车路径问题 (EVRP) 的角度来看。然而,现有的大多数关于 EVRP 的研究并没有明确考虑成本函数中的电池折旧;相反,它被视为电动汽车行驶距离或时间的线性函数。事实上,放电深度(DOD)显着影响电池寿命并导致自然非线性折旧函数,可用于更准确地计算电池寿命。在本文中,我们采用三种电池折旧方法来研究和比较它们对带时间窗的 EVRP 的影响(EVRPTW):(1)DOD 的非线性函数;(2) 充放电循环的线性函数;(3) 总行驶距离的线性函数。主要研究第一种方法,其余两种方法作为对比分析进行验证。同时,考虑全额和部分收费政策来制定问题。通过结合充电政策和电池折旧方法,制定了四种混合整数规划模型,旨在最小化总成本。为了在可接受的计算时间内追求精确的解决方案,设计了一种依赖于四种定制标签算法 (LA) 的列生成算法 (CG)。LA 用于加快定价问题的计算速度。解决定价问题最大的难点在于充电时间、司机等待时间、电池荷电状态 (SOC)、电池折旧、电池额定容量和行驶距离。LA 需要在它们之间找到折衷并生成最短路径。鉴于此,我们分别为四个模型设计了特定和精心设计的资源扩展函数(REF),这是对 Desaulniers 等人的扩展。(2016)。尽管 REF 很复杂,但它们在支配规则的帮助下运行良好。执行基准实例以验证 CG 和 LA 的效率,这表明具有 25 个节点的实例是可解的。在计算研究中,我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。LA 需要在它们之间找到折衷并生成最短路径。鉴于此,我们分别为四个模型设计了特定和精心设计的资源扩展函数(REF),这是对 Desaulniers 等人的扩展。(2016)。尽管 REF 很复杂,但它们在支配规则的帮助下运行良好。执行基准实例以验证 CG 和 LA 的效率,这表明具有 25 个节点的实例是可解的。在计算研究中,我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。LA 需要在它们之间找到折衷并生成最短路径。鉴于此,我们分别为四个模型设计了特定和精心设计的资源扩展函数(REF),这是对 Desaulniers 等人的扩展。(2016)。尽管 REF 很复杂,但它们在支配规则的帮助下运行良好。执行基准实例以验证 CG 和 LA 的效率,这表明具有 25 个节点的实例是可解的。在计算研究中,我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。这是 Desaulniers 等人的扩展。(2016)。尽管 REF 很复杂,但它们在支配规则的帮助下运行良好。执行基准实例以验证 CG 和 LA 的效率,这表明具有 25 个节点的实例是可解的。在计算研究中,我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。这是 Desaulniers 等人的扩展。(2016)。尽管 REF 很复杂,但它们在支配规则的帮助下运行良好。执行基准实例以验证 CG 和 LA 的效率,这表明具有 25 个节点的实例是可解的。在计算研究中,我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命,并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。我们发现考虑 DOD 的模型可以延长电池寿命,并将总成本降低 9%–10%。此外,还获得了一些更好地管理电动汽车车队的见解。

更新日期:2021-09-06
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